Primary 4 Third Term Scheme of Work With Lesson Notes Physical and Health Education

 THIRD TERM PHYSICAL AND HEALTH EDUCATION 

       PRIMARY FOUR

 

SCHEME OF WORK

1.     MARTIAL ARTS

 

2.     IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAL ARTS

 

3.     WRESTLING: HISTORY, TYPES AND IMPORTANCE OF WRESTLING.

 

4.     SWIMMING  STROKES : TYPES OF STROKE AND SAFETY RULES.

 

5.     MEANING AND TYPES OF PATHOGENS AND DISEASES

        DIFFERENCE BETWEEN DISEASES AND PATHOGENS

 

6.     SPREAD OF DISEASES: WAYS IN WHICH DISEASES CAN BE SPREAD.

 

7.     EXAMPLES OF DISEASES SPREAD BY AIR,FOOD, INSECT AND BODY CONTACT

 

8.       DISEASES PREVENTIVE MEASURES

 

9.     DISEASES PREVENTIVE MEASURES 11

 

10.     DRUG EDUCATION : MEANING OF DRUGS ABUSE, DRUG MISUSE, AND DRUG USE.

 

11.     DIFFERENT BETWEEN DRUG MISUSE AND ABUSE

 

12.     SUBSTANCE THAT ARE REGULAR AS DRUGS.

 

  

WEEK 1

TOPIC: MARTIAL ARTS

 

SUBTOPIC: MEANING AND TYPES OF MARTIAL ARTS

 

 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: At the end of the lesson, pupils should be able to:

 

1. Define martial arts
2. List the types of martial arts.

 

RESOURCES AND MATERIALS

Online

INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS: A chart showing the types of martial arts.

BUILDING BACKGROUND/CONNECTION TO PRIOR KNOWLEDGE: Pupils are familiar with the topic in their previous classes.

 

CONTENT

 

MEANING OF MARTIAL ARTS.

Martial arts are codified systems and traditions of combat practiced for a number of reasons such as self-defense; military and law enforcement applications; competition; physical, mental and spiritual development; and entertainment or the preservation of a nation’s intangible cultural heritage.

The term martial arts refers to all of the various systems of training for combat that have been arranged or systematized. 

 

TYPES OF MARTIAL ARTS

1. Karate. This covers many styles of self-defense involving kicks, punches, and open-handed chops. It’s believed that the word “karate” was first used in Okinawa, Japan, when a martial artist created a form of martial art that had Chinese influences. “Kara” originally referred to China and “karate” to Chinese  In karate (as well as many other martial arts) they’re denoted by belts in different colors, with the well-known black belt representing the highest level of expertise.

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2. Jujitsu. Developed in China and Japan, this martial art is a forerunner of both aikido and judo. All three martial arts rely on grappling, a technique that involves fighting in close proximity to your opponent with lots of body contact; it can involve anything from throws to strangle-type holds to taking your opponent to the ground or floor and fighting there. Jujitsu uses the attacker’s momentum to do joint locks (in which you force your opponent’s joint, such as an elbow or knee, beyond its normal range of motion, resulting in pain or injury) to restrain the opponent. One variant, Brazilian jujitsu, relies on choking the opponent and continuing the fighting on the ground.

 

3. Aikido. Like jujitsu, this Japanese martial art—meaning “the way for harmony” or “unification of your spiritual energy” or ki—makes use of the momentum and strength of the opponent to achieve your objective (sometimes called “nonresistance”). Aikido doesn’t use kicking and makes less use of hand strikes than jujitsu. Instead, the practitioner uses a lot of turning motions and pushing movements accompanied by joint locks.

 

4. Judo. This martial art also originated in Japan. Like jujitsu and aikido, it’s based largely on grappling, but in this case with an emphasis on throws and pinning the opponent to the ground.

Hapkido. This Korean martial art incorporates a variety of weapons, including belts, ropes, and canes. They’re used in moves including kicks, joint locks, throws, and hand strikes to the body’s pressure points.

 

5. Kung fu. This Chinese martial art uses numerous fighting styles, some of them involving acrobatic elements such as flips, jumps, and high kicks. Kung fu can be loosely divided into two schools: those that focus on arm work, such as rapid, close-range punching; and those that focus on acrobatics, with kicks and leg work. Some kung fu forms encourage the practitioner to be aggressively forceful, while others encourage the yielding model, in which you use the attacker’s force against him or her. Some schools emphasize a focus on 

relaxation and visualization techniques.

 

6. Capoeira. This Brazilian martial art was originally developed by Angolan slaves who disguised their self-defense moves as dance. It’s very acrobatic, with flips, punches, and kicks. See a video of a capoeira class.

 

7. Krav maga. Developed by the Israeli Defense Force (IDF), krav maga (meaning “battle combat” in Hebrew) focuses on hand-to-hand combat with grappling, wrestling, and hand strikes. It also teaches the practitioner to use virtually any ordinary object in the environment—a tree branch, a garbage can lid—to help fend off an attacker, even one who is much larger and heavier. Classes are often taught by Israelis who served in the IDF.

 

8. Tae kwon do. This Korean martial art may be one of the world’s oldest. It emphasizes kicking in particular, though the practice also incorporates hand strikes, joint locks, throws, and punches.

 

9. Tai chi. Also known as tai chi chuan, this Chinese martial art involves choreographed, slow-motion postures. Some forms use a sword or other weapons. It’s said that tai chi originated when a Chinese monk saw the fluid movements of a crane fending off a snake and combined the graceful movements with Taoist breathing techniques. In the West today, tai chi is usually practiced as a form of exercise, rather than as a martial art.

 

STRATEGIES AND ACTIVITIES

 

STEP1: Teacher revises the previous topic

.

STEP 11: Teacher introduces the topic.

 

STEP III: Teacher explains the new topic 

 

STEP IV: Teacher welcomes pupils questions.

 

STEPV: Teacher evaluates the pupils.

 

ASSESSMENT AND EVALUATION

1. Define martial arts

 

2. List the types of martial arts.

 

WRAP-UP (CONCLUSION)

Teacher goes over the topic once again for better understanding.

 

ASSIGNMENT

Explain the following: 

Tekwando

Judo

Kung Fu

Karate

 

WEEK 2

 

TOPIC: MARTIAL ARTS

 

SUBTOPIC: IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAL ARTS

 

 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: At the end of the lesson, pupils should be able to:

1. List th importance of martial arts.

 

RESOURCES AND MATERIALS

Online

INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS: A chart showing the types of martial arts.

 

BUILDING BACKGROUND/CONNECTION TO PRIOR KNOWLEDGE: Pupils are familiar with the topic in their previous classes.

 

CONTENT

IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAL ARTS

 

Martial arts have become an important part of many people’s lives, among both adults and children. Parents enroll their kids at schools to improve their focus and discipline. Many adults have made the practice of martial arts a way of life.

Why are the arts important and why do they play such a central role in the lives of so many? Here we will explore seven reasons why martial arts are important. We will look into their benefits and significance for those who train in them.

 

1. Self-Defense
2. Confidence
3. Focus and Awareness
4. You Make Friends
5. Reduces Stress the Right Way
6. Health
7. Improves Character

 

STRATEGIES AND ACTIVITIES

 

STEP1: Teacher revises the previous topic

.

STEP 11: Teacher introduces the topic.

 

STEP III: Teacher explains the new topic 

 

STEP IV: Teacher welcomes pupils questions.

 

STEPV: Teacher evaluates the pupils.

 

ASSESSMENT AND EVALUATION

1. List the importance of martial arts

 

WRAP-UP (CONCLUSION)

Teacher goes over the topic once again for better understanding.

 

ASSIGNMENT

Why is martial arts important?

 

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WEEK 3

 

TOPIC: WRESTLING

 

SUBTOPIC: HISTORY OF WRESTLING.

 

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: At the end of the lesson, pupils should be able to:

1. Define wrestling.

2.Explain the history of wrestling

3. List the types and importance of wrestling.

 

RESOURCES AND MATERIALS

Online

INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS: A chart showing the types of wrestling

 

BUILDING BACKGROUND/CONNECTION TO PRIOR KNOWLEDGE: Pupils are familiar with the topic in their previous classes.

 

CONTENT

 

MEANING OF WRESTLING

the sport or activity of grappling with an opponent and trying to throw or hold them down on the ground, typically according to a code of rules.Wrestling is a general term for a combat sport between two competitors involving grappling type techniques. The main objective in most forms of wrestling is to pin down the opponent’s shoulders on to the mat.

 

HISTORY OF WRESTLING

The modern history of wrestling begins with a rise of popularity in the 19th century, which led to the development of the modern sports of Greco-Roman wrestling on the European continent and of freestyle wrestling and collegiate wrestling in Great Britain and the United States, respectively. These sports enjoyed enormous popularity at the turning of the 20th century. In the 1920s, show wrestling as a form of sports entertainment, now known as professional wrestling, separated from competitive sport wrestling, now known as amateur wrestling.Wrestling is one of the oldest forms of combat, referenced in the Iliad and depicted in 15,000-year-old cave drawings in France. Early Egyptian and Babylonian reliefs show moves still used today.

 

Always popular in ancient Greece, wrestling held a prominent place in the Olympic Games. It was developed by ancient Greeks as a way to train soldiers in hand-to-hand combat. After defeating the Greeks, the Roman Empire borrowed from Greek wrestling but eliminated much of the brutality. The Greeks feared the true history of the sport would be lost, and so Greco-Roman wrestling was born.

 

IMPORTANCE OF WRESTLING

 

1. Wrestling develops basic athletic skills

 

2. Wrestling develops personal responsibility

 

3. Wrestling develops mental toughness

 

4. Wrestling teaches about nutrition and weight maintenance

 

5. Wrestling brings kids together and builds a strong camaraderie

 

6. Wrestling develops discipline

 

7. Wrestling brings different cultures and countries together

 

8. Wrestling teaches an individual how to focus on something and master it

 

9. Wrestling provides opportunities to further education

 

10. Wrestling is fun

 

STRATEGIES AND ACTIVITIES

 

STEP1: Teacher revises the previous topic

.

STEP 11: Teacher introduces the topic.

 

STEP III: Teacher explains the new topic 

 

STEP IV: Teacher welcomes pupils questions.

 

STEPV: Teacher evaluates the pupils.

 

ASSESSMENT AND EVALUATION

1. Define wrestling.

2.Explain the history of wrestling

3. List the types and importance of wrestling.

 

WRAP-UP (CONCLUSION)

Teacher goes over the topic once again for better understanding.

 

ASSIGNMENT

List 5 importance of wrestling.

 

WEEK 4

 

TOPIC: SWIMMING STROKE

 

SUBTOPIC: TYPES OF SWIMMING STROKE

 

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: At the end of the lesson, pupils should be able to:

1. Mention the types of swimming stroke
2. Explain the safety rules of swimming stroke

 

RESOURCES AND MATERIALS

Online

INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS: A chart showing the types of wrestling

 

BUILDING BACKGROUND/CONNECTION TO PRIOR KNOWLEDGE: Pupils are familiar with the topic in their previous classes.

 

CONTENT

TYPES OF SWIMMING STROKE

Swimming is an individual sport in which one requires to move the entire body inside(through) water.  This helps in exercising the muscles without putting the load on bone joints. There are basically 5 types of swimming or strokes in which you can swim. Let us discuss each type’s technique, benefits, muscles involved, etc in detail.

 

1. Front Crawl
2. Breaststroke
3. Butterfly Stroke
4. Backstroke
5. Sidestroke

 

1. Front Crawl (Credits Arena)

This stroke is also known as ‘Freestyle’. It gives maximum speed with minimum effort. Freestyle swimming includes a Prone horizontal (face down) position. Flutter kicks and alternate arm move movements helps create the thrust needed to push the body.

 

Front Crawl is the fastest and most efficient stroke in swimming because:

 

1. a) Drag is minimum during the arm recovery because of the pointed hands.
2. b) There’s always one arm pulling the water.

Muscles used in front crawl are:

Core and abdominal muscles in keeping the body streamlined and lifting it while breathing.

Forearms muscles are used in pulling the water back.

There is the utilization of glutes and hamstring for the propulsion through legs and maintain a balanced position.

Hand’s entry underwater and reaching out also requires involvement of shoulder muscles.

 

2. Breaststroke

This type of swimming stroke also occurs in a prone position. In Breastroke, the body is forced into an inclined position from a horizontal position to do the movement. Frog-like kicks and simultaneous hand movement inside the water helps the body glide through the water.

 

Arm movements are symmetrical and simultaneous. An arc is made by the hands from an extended forward position to below the chest. But unlike the freestyle stroke, hands move in a straight line during the recovery phase.

 

Breaststroke is the slowest one among all the 5 types of swimming strokes. Generally, the beginners are taught this technique first since the head is above the water for most of the time.

Muscles used in Breast Stroke are:

To move the arms inward against the water, Pectoral and Latissimus Dorsi muscles are used.

Glutes and Quadriceps are used to kick the legs inside the water.

 

3. Butterfly Stroke

 

The butterfly stroke involves a prone position. It is quite exhausting and strenuous relative to other types of swimming strokes. In this stroke, the body executes wave-like movements, moving chest and hip up and down the water surface.

Legs undergo dolphin-like motion which means both the legs stay together and straight as you kick them in the water.

Arms movements are symmetrical again tracing an hourglass motion underwater. They start from an extended forward position to beneath the chest toward the hips.

 

The butterfly stroke is one of the most difficult strokes to master. The undulations, dolphin kick and the arm movements are all not so easy to learn. It is very tiring and therefore not usually used for recreational or fitness swimmers.

 

Muscles used:

 

There is a high utilization of the core abdominal and lower back muscles which lift the body out of the water when breathing.

Glutes are used in the leg-movement like a dolphin.

Pecs, lasts, quads, hamstrings, calves, shoulders, biceps, and triceps are all needed extensively in this powerful stroke.

 

4. Backstroke

 

Backstroke is the only type of competitive stroke that on the back. The head is in a neutral position facing up. It is very similar to the Front Crawl type except for one major difference: the back faces down.

 

Legs do flutter kicks with quick and compact movements.

 

Arms are used to pull the water beneath the back such that the body moves backwards. Competitively, backstroke is third fastest behind Butterfly and Front Crawl.

 

Breathing is free from movements in this type of swimming stroke as the head never goes inside the water.

 

Muscles used:

 

The shoulder muscles have to dominate more in this move than they do in other strokes. The muscles in the lower leg also play a critical role in the backstroke. There is an extensive use of small muscles of the rotator cuff, especially the subscapularis and the teres minor. Doctors advise patients with back problems to try this swimming stroke as it will help in relaxing the muscles and straightening it.

 

5. Sidestroke

 

One of the oldest types of swimming stroke that can be used to rescue someone who is drowning. It requires only one arm with asymmetrical underwater arm movements and scissor kick. The body is in a sidewards position during the whole stroke. The head is above the water all the time.

 

Legs do the scissor kicks with the upper leg pushing against the water with the back of the leg, while the lower leg pushing with the front of the leg.

 

Arms movement is asymmetrical and random. The lower arm moves underwater from an extended forward position to the chest and the upper arm, which was resting on the side, bend at the elbow and recovers toward the chest.

 

Breathing is free of movements again as the head is above water throughout the stroke.

 

Muscles used:

 

Muscles on the one side of the body undergo more exercise more than the other at a time. So, the physically challenged individuals use it to perform swimming.

 

SAFETY RULES OF SWIMMING

1. Always swim with a buddy.
2. Swim only in areas that have a lifeguard.
3. Stay out of the water when you are very tired, very cold, or overheated.
4. Follow all swimming rules posted at the swimming area.

5.Obey the lifeguard’s instruction.

6.If you can’t see the bottom of the pool in the deep end or the water is cloudy, don’t swim there.

7.Avoid swimming at night in unlighted areas.

8. Don’t chew gum or eat while swimming, you could choke.
9. Do not push, shove, or run near the water, horseplay can be dangerous.
10. Get out of the water if you see lightning or hear thunder.
11. Swim a safe distance away from diving boards and slides. Never swim under them.
12. Never swim near a dam or boat ramp.
13. Avoid swimming in river currents.

 

STRATEGIES AND ACTIVITIES

 

STEP1: Teacher revises the previous topic

.

STEP 11: Teacher introduces the topic.

 

STEP III: Teacher explains the new topic 

 

STEP IV: Teacher welcomes pupils questions.

 

STEPV: Teacher evaluates the pupils.

 

ASSESSMENT AND EVALUATION

1. Define swimming strokes

2.Explain the types of swimming strokes

3. Mention 5 safety rules of swimming

 

WRAP-UP (CONCLUSION)

Teacher goes over the topic once again for better understanding.

 

ASSIGNMENT

Mention 10 safety rules.

 

WEEK 5