Introduction to Speech Sound (Organs of Speech), Nouns: (Introduction: Definition and Kinds of Nouns) and Introduction to Narrative Essay

Subject : English Studies 

Class : SS 1

Term : First Term

Week : Week 1

Topics :

Speech Work:  Introduction to Speech Sound (Organs of Speech)

Comprehension: Argungu Cultural Festival

Vocabulary Development: (Registers on Family)

Structure: Nouns: (Introduction: Definition and Kinds of Nouns)

Writing Skills: Narrative: Introduction to Narrative Essay

 

ASPECT: Speech Work

TOPIC: Introduction to Speech Sound (Organs of Speech)

 

Introduction to Pronunciation

The vast majority of speech sounds are produced by creating a stream of air which flows from the lungs through the mouth or nose. We use this stream of air to form specific sounds with our vocal folds and/or by changing the configuration of our mouths.

What are Speech Organs?

Speech organs or articulators are various organs which are involved in the production of speech sounds. Organs used for speech include the lips, teeth, alveolar ridge, hard palate, velum (soft palate), uvula, glottis and various parts of the tongue. They can be divided into two types: Passive articulators and Active articulators. The passive articulators include: the upper lip, teeth, alveolar ridge, hard palate, soft palate, uvula, and pharynx. The active articulators include the tongue, lower lip. The most important active articulator is the tongue as it is involved in the production of the majority of sounds Active articulators move relative to passive articulators, which remain still, to produce various speech sounds, in particular manners of articulation.

ORGANS OF SPEECH

CONSONANT SOUNDS

Consonant sounds are produced as a result of obstruction of the air-flow that comes from the lungs. The obstruction can be partial or total. There are twenty-four (24) consonant sounds in English language. They are:

/p/ /b/ /t/ /d/ /k/ /g/ /f/ /v/ /Ө/ /ð/ /s/ /z/ /∫/ /Ӡ/ /h///t∫/ /ʤ/ /l/ /r//w//j/ /m/ /n/ /ŋ/

/p/—–pay, peace, pat, pot, peg, pit, push, wrapper, pass, place, happen, party, etc.

/b/—- bell, about, bet, book, boom, boost, bay, baby, rob, bad, bat, back, abort, etc.

/ʈ/—–Thomas, ten, tap, tomb, table, take, tack, track, etc.

/d/—- den, dust, cord, draft, powder, advert, kid, deep, dam, divide, diary, dark, middle, etc.

/k/—– kid, kiss, cock, fix, six, choir, chord, require, back, calculate, kit, etc.

/g/ —– goose, goggle, got, gum, gay, guy, example, get, rogue, girl, grow, etc.

/ʧ/ —-church, match, fetch, rich, reach, nature, pasture, patch, chain, choice, children, etc.

/ʤ/ —- gin, joy, edge, badge, jaw, jest, jeep, gem, general, gentle, page, judge, jam, etc.

/f/——tough, fall, phone, elephant, photo, food, fleet, fault, etc.

/v/ —–vote, of, value, vice, voice, van, view, prove, visible, etc.

/Ө/ —-thin, think, three, threw, thought, length, breath, theatre, theme, thick, thicket, etc.

/ð/ —-the, father, mother, them, that, bathe, then, rather, this, there, etc.

/s/ —-science, class, fast, slow, city, pass, dress, psychology, lace, face, pastor, etc.

/z/ ——zoo, zoom, lazy, zigzag, zinc, close, rose, represent, reason, candies, laze, raise, etc.

/∫/ —— chalet, chateau, charade, machine, education, social, mission, short, sure, etc.

/Ӡ/—— garage, measure, treasure, leisure, television, vision, confusion, decision, etc.

/h/ —– house, home, harrow, harassment, etc.

/Ɩ/——- look, late, life, lake, lift, later, letter, local, lion, low, love, lame, lie, etc.

/r/—— robe, right, reflex, run, carry, merry, bright, story, bury, rite, wrong, wrote, radio, etc.

/j/——– you, yawn, yellow, yam, union, use, yes, university, etc.

/w/—— one, wine, when, suite, quit, work, what, where, which, wife, etc.

/m/—— flame, hammer, man, malt, make, come, mother, magic, etc.

/n/——– know, night, knight, knowledge, banner, etc.

/ŋ/——- bang, uncle, bank, sing, long, king, zinc, single, thank, etc.

 

THE CONSONANT CHART

	Place of Articulation	Bilabial	Labio-dental	Dental	Alveolar	Palato- alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
	Voiced (+) Voiceless (-)	-v     +v	-v     +v	-v     +v	-v     +v	-v     +v	-v     +v	-v    +v	-v     +v
	Stop(Plosive)	p     b	f     v		t     d			k     g
	Fricative			θ     ð	s     z	ʃ     ʒ			h
	Affricative					ʧ     ʤ
	Nasals	m			n			ŋ
	Lateral				r
	Approximant	w			l		j

There are three ways of describing a consonant sounds. These are:

1. Manner of articulation
2. Place of articulation
3. State of glottis

 

MANNER OF ARTICULATION

This is the way a sound is pronounced or articulated. For instance, the sound /p/ is described as plosive because the air-flow from the lungs comes to a complete stop because the upper and lower lips are involved. The pressure of air forces the lips open which results in production of sound in form of explosion. Examples: pen, pay, price, pure, purse, etc.

 

 

Interactive Questions and Answers 

Questions

1. What is manner of articulation?

 

2. How many types of manner of articulation are there?

 

3. What are the different types of manner of articulation?

 

4. What are the differences between the different types of manner of articulation?

 

5. How does the manner of articulation affect speech production?

 

Answers

 

1. Manner of articulation refers to the way in which the airstream is manipulated when producing speech sounds.

 

2. There are six different types of manner of articulation: stops, fricatives, affricates, nasals, liquids, and glides

 

3. The different types of manner of articulation are: stops (plosives), fricatives, affricates, nasals, liquids, and glides

 

4. The main difference between the different types of manner of articulation is the type of airstream used to produce the sound. For example, stops use a complete blockage of the airstream while fricatives use a constriction of the airstream.

 

5. The manner of articulation affects speech production because it determines the type of airstream used to produce the sound. For example, if someone wants to produce a “t” sound, they will need to use a stop manner of articulation which requires a complete blockage of the airstream.

PLACE OF ARTICULATION

This refers to the actual place where the sound is articulated. For example for sound b the two lips are involved, hence it is called a bilabial. This is so because the sound is produced with the use of both lower and upper lips.

STATE OF GLOTTIS

The state of glottis can be described as the position of glottis when the sound is pronounced. It is either open or close. The glottis is the space between the vocal cords and the larynx (Adam’s apple).If the state of glottis is opened the sound produced will be voiceless. But if it is closed, there will be vibration in the vocal cord; therefore, the sound that will be produced will be voiced.

EXAMPLES OF DESCRIPTION OF SOUND

1. /p/

Place of articulation – bilabial

Manner of articulation – plosive

State of glottis –  voiceless

2. /n/ 

Place of articulation – alveolar

Manner of articulation – nasal

State of glottis – voiced

EVALUATION

Choose the word that has the same sound with the one underlined below:

1. shows    (a) house        (b) reason     (c) loss         (d) horse
2. clothe     (a)  they          (b) three       (c) mouth      (d) Thomas
3. English (a) edge          (b) thin         (c) end           (d)  think
4. bushes     (a) rapes         (b) shoes      (c) church      (d) rakes
5. character (a) church       (b) arch        (c) unique      (d) charade
6. buzz   (a) exact          (b) bus         (c) beige         (d) vision
7. chairman (a) sheer          (b) posture   (c) charade     (d) ocean
8. long  (a) gnash         (b) manager  (c) benign      (d) hanger
9. beef  (a) diaphragm  (b) of            (c) vulcanize  (d) vice
10. king          (a) knit             (b) know       (c) account    (d) knock

 

ASPECT: COMPREHENSION

TEXT: New Oxford Secondary English Course for Senior Secondary School Bk 1. Pages 2-3

TITLE: Argungu Cultural Festival

Argungu Cultural Festival

The Argungu Fishing Festival is an annual four-day festival in the State of Kebbi, in the North-western part of Northern Nigeria. The festival usually takes place in Argungu, the capital city of Argungu Emirate Council. It is usually held in the month of February

The festival starts with a traditional fishing competition in which fishermen vie for the largest fish catch. The second day is usually devoted to cultural displays and performances. On the third day, there is a grand finale involving more fishing competitions as well as canoe races. The fourth and final day is typically a day of thanksgiving, when people give thanks for the bountiful harvest of fish

The Argungu Fishing Festival is not only a celebration of the fishing industry but also a showcase of the rich culture and heritage of the people of Kebbi State. It is an opportunity for visitors to experience the traditional way of life of the people of Kebbi. The festival is a also a great platform for promoting peace and unity among the people of Kebbi State

The Argungu Fishing Festival was first held in 1934. It was revived in 1999 after a long break and has been held annually since then. The festival is organized by the Argungu Emirate Council and the Kebbi State Government

The Argungu Fishing Festival is one of the most popular tourist attractions in Nigeria. Every year, the festival attracts thousands of visitors from all over the world. If you are planning to visit Nigeria, make sure to include the Argungu Fishing Festival in your itinerary.

Interactive Questions and Answers 

Questions

1. What is the Argungu Fishing Festival?

2. When is the Argungu Fishing Festival usually held?

3. What activities take place during the Argungu Fishing Festival?

4. Why is the Argungu Fishing Festival important?

5. How long has the Argungu Fishing Festival been running for?

Suggested Answers 

1. The Argungu Fishing Festival is an annual four-day festival in the State of Kebbi, in the North-western part of Northern Nigeria

2. The festival usually takes place in Argungu, the capital city of Argungu Emirate Council. It is usually held in the month of February.

3. The festival starts with a traditional fishing competition in which fishermen vie for the largest fish catch. The second day is usually devoted to cultural displays and performances. On the third day, there is a grand finale involving more fishing competitions as well as canoe races. The fourth and final day is typically a day of thanksgiving, when people give thanks for the bountiful harvest of fish

4. The Argungu Fishing Festival is not only a celebration of the fishing industry but also a showcase of the rich culture and heritage of the people of Kebbi State. It is an opportunity for visitors to experience the traditional way of life of the people of Kebbi. The festival is a also a great platform for promoting peace and unity among the people of Kebbi State

5. The Argungu Fishing Festival was first held in 1934. It was revived in 1999 after a long break and has been held annually since then. The festival is organized by the Argungu Emirate Council and the Kebbi State Government

6. The Argungu Fishing Festival is one of the most popular tourist attractions in Nigeria. Every year, the festival attracts thousands of visitors from all over the world. If you are planning to visit Nigeria, make sure to include the Argungu Fishing Festival in your itinerary.

CLASS ACTIVITY

The passage should be read carefully, before the students attempt the questions on it.

 

ASPECT: Vocabulary Development

TOPIC: Words Associated with Home And Family Life.

The words below are associated with Home and Family Life.

	Family Relations	Things in the home	Activities within the Family	Other related words
	Ancestor	Kitchen ware	Courtship	Protection
	Siblings	Hearth	Marriage	Companionship
	Distant relatives	Utensils	Divorce	Acceptance
	Next of kin	Upholstery	Burial	Understanding
	Monogamy	Rug	Family life	Love
	Polygamy	Wardrobe	Naming ceremony	Security/safety
	Nuclear family	Sitting-room	Wedding anniversary	Satisfaction
	Extended family	Parlour		Violence
	In-laws	Store		Medicare
	Grandparents	Pantry		Fairness
	Grandmother	Lobby		Relaxation
	Stepmother	Foyer		Health asset

 

CLASS ACTIVITY: The students should master the spellings of the above words. Use the dictionary to find the meaning of difficult words.

Words Associated with Home And Family Life.

The words below are associated with Home and Family Life.

1. Home: a place where one lives; a dwelling

2. Family: a group of people related by blood or marriage

3. Love: a strong feeling of affection

4. Happiness: the state of being happy

5. Peace: the state of being free from war or violence

6. Harmony: agreement or accord

7. Comfort: a state of physical or emotional well-being

8. Safety: the condition of being protected from harm

9. Relationships: the way in which two or more people are connected

10. Caring: having a concern for the welfare of others

Interactive Questions and Answers 

Questions 

1. What is the meaning of home?

2. Who makes up a family?

3. What are the different types of love?

4. What is happiness?

5. What is peace?

Suggested Answers 

1. Home is a place where one lives; it can be a dwelling, an apartment, a house, etc

2. Family refers to a group of people related by blood or marriage

3. Love is a strong feeling of affection. There are different types of love, such as familial love, platonic love, romantic love, etc

4. Happiness is the state of being happy

5. Peace is the state of being free from war or violence. Harmony is agreement or accord, and comfort is a state of physical or emotional well-being. Safety is the condition of being protected from harm. Relationships are the ways in which two or more people are connected

6. Caring is having a concern for the welfare of others.

EVALUATION

List other ten words relating to home and family life and make sentences with each of them.

 

ASPECT: Structure

TOPIC:

Nouns: (Introduction: Definition and Kinds of Nouns)

 

NOUN

A noun can be defined as a naming word. It can also be defined as names of people, places, objects, abstract ideas, actions and qualities. Nouns can be used as the object of a preposition as well as the subject or object of a verb. Examples: Mary, man, instructor, sky, sun, town, flock, flower, soul, feeling, sense, motion, behaviour, etc.

 

TYPES OF NOUNS

(a) Proper Nouns: These are specific names of people, places, publications, days of the week, months of the year, special events, river, mountain, institution, etc.

NOTE: It must start with capital letter.

Examples: Bola, Ngozi, Adamu, Lagos, England, Monday, January, River Nile, Christianity, Lake Chad, Deeper Life High School. etc.

(b) Common Nouns: These are general names of things Examples: chair, book, tree, road, sofa, axe, telephone, etc.

(i) These common nouns are words for things: ruler, chair, hammer, bicycle, pen, table, etc.

(ii) These common nouns are words for animals. Notice that special names for young animals are included.

Animal	Its young
dog	puppy
cat	kitten
cow	calf
horse	foal
sheep	lamb
goat	kid
frog	tadpole

(iii) These common nouns are words for places: bank, airport, hotel, library, park, museum farm, zoo, theater factory, etc.

(iv) These common nouns are words for people who do certain things: singer, manager sailor, gardener, secretary, pilot, police officer, artist, teacher, driver, plumber, etc.

(c) Abstract Nouns: These are names of things which cannot be seen or touch. They are the names of quality, action or state. Examples:  truth, love, honesty, joy, beauty, corruption, thirst, liberty, childhood, admission, etc.

(d) Collective Nouns: These are names of collection or group of people, things or animals Examples: crowd, choir, cast, team, committee, crew, staff, mob, class, block, etc.

(e) Concrete Nouns: These are names of things that can be touched or seen. Examples: room, chair, girl, table, pencil, stick, etc.

(f) Countable Nouns: These are names of things that can be counted or divided into singular or plural. Examples:  people, chair, book, town, student, studio, pen, writer, etc.

(g) Uncountable Nouns: These are names of things that cannot be counted or divided into singular or plural. Examples: water, salt, sand, air, milk, rice, iron, butter, etc.

(h) Material Nouns: A material noun is the name of a material or substance out of which things are made. Examples: gold, silver, iron, clay, money, water, copper, steel, etc.

 

EVALUATION

(a) Find out nouns in the following sentences.

1. Lions and ostriches are found in Africa.
2. John and Joseph drove the horses to the pasture.
3. Pinks and roses are blooming in the garden.
4. Care sorrow, and discontent destroy happiness.
5. Apples, peaches, melons, corn and potatoes are brought to market
6. Nigeria has a large population.
7. Freedom is our birthright.
8. Mother Theresa was a social worker.
9. He returned from Lagos last week.
10. Knowledge is powerful.

 

(b) Underline the common nouns and circle the proper nouns in these sentences.

1. I told Uncle John about my accident.
2. Kim and Stephanie wore masks on Halloween.
3. The lawnmower is broken.
4. We’re going to the movies tomorrow.
5. The lion is playing with one of its cubs.
6. My sister’s favourite soccer player is David Beckham.
7. I’m watching a videotape about the Sahara Desert.
8. The tourists visited Rome and saw the Colosseum.
9. Does this bus go to the stadium?
10. We’re reading a story about a boy called Harry Potter

 

ASPECT: Continuous Writing

TOPIC:  Introduction to Narrative Essay

A narrative essay is an essay that tells a story of past events. The past tense verb is predominantly used throughout the narrative essay. Ensure that your story flows smoothly from beginning to the end. You need to develop each point clearly in different paragraphs that are properly linked together.

These are some of the topics under narrative essay:

My First Day at School.

A Day I Will Never Forget in My Life.

My First Journey to Lagos.

How I Spent My Christmas Holiday.

 

Qualities of a Good Narrative Essay

The following are some of the qualities of a good narrative essay

1. It must contains a clear, and interesting introduction.
2. It must have a well-developed middle section where events are narrated sequentially and in well- laid out paragraphs.
3. It must have interesting characters.
4. The language used should be in the past tense, as events usually narrated are past.
5. It must have a brief and satisfying conclusion.

 

Tips on how to write a Narrative Essay

1. What is your story about? (Title boldly written)
2. What action took place in your story?
3. Who were responsible for these actions?
4. When did the actions take place?
5. How did the actions take place?
6. What were the consequences of the actions?
7. You can draw your conclusions by stating your feeling about these. It may be positive or negative.

 

More tips on how to write a Narrative Essay

A narrative essay is a story written about a personal experience. Writing a narrative essay can be fun, but it also requires some careful thought and planning. This type of essay allows you to share your personal story in a creative and meaningful way. Here are some tips to help you get started:

1. Choose a Topic

The first step is to choose a topic for your essay. Think about an experience that has been meaningful to you and try to narrow it down to one specific event. It could be an experience that changed your life, something that made you laugh or cry, or something that taught you a valuable lesson.

2. Write a Draft

Once you have chosen a topic, it’s time to start writing your draft. Begin by brainstorming ideas and stories that you want to include in your essay. Don’t worry about making it perfect at this stage – just get your thoughts down on paper.

3. Edit and Revise

After you have written a first draft, it’s important to edit and revise your work. Read over your essay carefully and make sure that it flows well and makes sense. You may also want to ask someone else to read it over and give you feedback.

4. Proofread

The last step is to proofread your essay before you submit it. This will help to ensure that there are no errors or typos.

With these tips in mind, you should be well on your way to writing a great narrative essay. Just remember to be creative and have fun with it!

 

EVALUATION

1. What is a narrative essay?
2. List five topics under narrative essay.