NOMINALIZATION OF ADJECTIVES AND VERBS .
NAME OF TEACHER:
Date:
Class: SS2
Duration: 40minutes.
Lesson Title: Nominalization of Adjectives and verbs.
Learning Objectives: By the end of the lesson, students will be able to;
- Analyze Nominalization of adjectives and verbs
- Outline features of Summary
- Classify all the 24 consonants into voiced and voiceless sounds.
- Summarize a given text with ease.
Key words: 1. Nominalization, suffix, prefix, voiced and voiceless.
Resources: www. Thought.com, phonics and phonology by Peter. Roach. Videos on consonant sounds.
Building background: students can define adjectives.
Content: Aspects in English
Aspect: Grammar
Topic Nominalization of Adjectives and verbs.
Nominalization is an academic grammar tool which is used to turn verbs and adjectives into nouns.
Example: Exercising is essential for good health in this example, we have turned the verb “exercise” into a noun so that it can serve as the subject of the sentence.
Nominalization function just like nouns: as subjects and objects of verbs and preposition.
Also, in linguistics, nominalization or nominalisation is the use of a word which is not a noun (e.g. a verb, an adjective or an adverb) as a noun or as the head of a noun phrase, with or without morphological transformation. The term can also refer specially to the process of producing a noun from another part of speech.
How Nominalization are formed:
Example: The Fiber in apples helps with digestion.
Nominalizations are formed by adding a suffix to the original verb or adjective.
A suffix is a meaningful segment that is added into the end of a word. Unlike prefixes, suffixes can change the part of speech of a word.
Example: The suffix – tion changes the verb digest into a noun: digestion.
More examples are:
ance / ence (permanent – permanence)
ing (eat – eating)
ness (healthy – healthiness)
ment (enjoy – enjoyment)
tion (assimilate – assimilation)
Formation of verbs from Adjectives
Adjective Verb
Able Enable
Abundant Abound
Wide Widen
Specific Specify
Rich Enrich
Solid Consolidation
Popular Popularize
Just Justify
Flat Flatten
Pure Purify
Different Differentiate
Base Debase
Civil Civilize
Dark Darken
Equal
Equalize
ASPECT: speech work
TOPIC: CONSONANT SOUNDS /j/ and /ʋ/ /jʋ:/
Consonant sounds are sounds that are produced when there is an obstruction in the air stream. The obstruction can be partial or total. The English consonants according to Roach (2002) are sounds that obstruct the flow of air through the vocal tract.
Consonants could also be described in mainly articulating terms because they usually involve contents of speech organs in their description. These sounds are produced with the air which originates from the lungs called “Pulmonic egressive air” and passes through the vocal tract. These are twenty-four (24) consonant sounds in English language. Each has its mode of articulation.
The consonant sounds are divided into two: (i) voiced sounds (ii) Voiceless sound
Voiced sounds: these are sounds produced when the vocal cords vibrate in the course of their production, in order words, some English consonants are voiced sounds. There are fifteen (15) voiced sounds in English.
They are: /b/, /d/, /g/, /j/, /l/, /m/, /n/, /r/, /v/, /w/, /z/, /ʒ/, / j /, /d/, /dʒ/
Voiceless sounds are sounds produced when the vocal cords do not vibrate in the course of the production. Meaning, some English consonant are produced when the vocal cords do not shake while producing them. These sounds are termed “voiceless sound”. There are nine (9) voiceless sounds in English, they include: /t/, /k/, /p/, /f/, /s/, /ts/, /h/, /ʃ/, /ɵ/
/j/ – approximant or semi vowel, palatal. This sounds like vowel /i/ it occurs in words that start with letter “y” as in
ye /ji:/
yield /ji:ld/
yard /ja:d/
year /j: (r)/
It can also appear in the pronunciation of words like:
duty /dju:ti/ news /nju:z/ student /stju:dənt/
knew /nju:/ muse /mju:z/ pew /pju:/
huge /hju:dʒ/ sue /sju:/ unique /ju:nisk/
TOPIC: SUMMARY WRITING
Summary writing is primarily concerned with starting so much in very few words by superfluous and expanded details.
Also, summary writing is concerned with producing a bridged versions of a given text or passage so that all the salient issues are brought out. It also involves writing down a brief and concise account of a long passage.
There are four main things students have to note in order to write a good summary. These are:
- Brevity: this demands that the student must be brief and concise in their answers. There is no room for the use of flowering language or any other additional information aside from the main points.
- Relevance: thus calls for a candidate’s answers to be relevant to the points mentioned in the passage. Students are not expected in summary writing to give any fact or point outside the passage, however relevant they think the fact or point is
- Proper courage of the passage: this demands that students must read and understand every aspect of the passage.
- Clarity: this means that students are expected to put down their answers clearly.
Strategies/ Activities
Step 1: Teacher drills students on the meaning of adjectives and verbs
Step 2: students are taught meaning of Nominalization with examples
Step 3: students are taught the differences between letters and sounds
Step 4: students are shown video display on sounds
Step 5: students are introduced to the rudiments of summary
Assessment: (evaluation): students are evaluated with following questions
- change the following adjectives to verbs; beautiful, angry, demonstrative.
- Write out the voiced and voiceless sounds.
Wrap- up (conclusion): students’ notes are marked and give recap of the lesson
Assignment: students are given exercises on summary
HOD/VP’S COMMENTS/ ENDORSEMENT.
Week 2
Vocabulary Development: Words Associated with Human Internal Body System and Functions II
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The Heart:
The heart is the fifth largest internal organ of the human body. It is an organ that is indispensable in the human body system. It is located within the chest, behind the chest bone, and between the two lobes of the lungs. It consists of four chambers – two atria (singular atrium) – a right atrium and left atrium; two ventricles – right ventricle and left – ventricle.
It is a muscular pumping organ which has a cone shape. The major function of the heart is to pump blood to every part of the body so as to deliver energy to every cell of the body. The pumping action of the heart is called a heartbeat. The heartbeat can be counted by feeling the pulse at the wrist. It is estimated that man has an average of 72 heartbeats per minute.
The special muscles in the heart which are called cardiac muscles enable it to pump blood continuously. Veins carry blood to the heart while arteries transport blood away from the heart. All arteries except pulmonary arteries contain oxygenated blood while all veins with the exception of pulmonary veins contain deoxygenated blood.
The Liver:
The liver is another vital organ of the human internal body system. The liver lies just below the diaphragm on the right side. It partly overlaps the stomach. The liver is a large organ which has two lobes. It is reddish-brown in colour. Each of the lobes is further subdivided into small lobes. The bile duct, to which the gall bladder is attached, goes from the liver to the duodenum.
The liver performs very important functions:
- It regulates blood sugar,that is, it controls the amount of glucose in the blood, using a hormone called insulin and glycogen.
- It regulates blood protein. Amino acids,which result from the digestion of proteins, are stored in the liver. The liver then releases the required amount of amino acids into general circulation.
- Another function of the liver is detoxification. It converts manytoxic substances into harmless forms which are excreted from the body – such substances as toxic substances produced in the large intestine, drugs and medicines, food additives and derivatives, and water and air-borne pollutants are rendered harmless. It, therefore, removes poisons from the blood.
- Storage of bloodis another function of the liver. The liver is richly supplied with blood vessels. It is the liver that regulates the amount of and pressure of blood.
- The liver also produces bilewhich the gall bladder stores. The bile is transported to the duodenum through the bile duct.
- The formation and breakdown of red blood cells is another function of the liver. It manufactures red blood cells in the foetus.
- The liver also stores vitamins. It manufactures vitamins A, B and D.
- Another function performed by the liver is the production of heat.The various metabolic activities of the liver generate heat which is distributed throughout the body through the circulation of blood.
Diseases of the Liver:
Certain diseases are observable when the liver cells fail to function properly. The diseases include:
- Diabetes Mellitus – This may result in dehydration and loss of weight. It may cause exhaustion or weakness. It can even lead to blurred vision.
- Viral Hepatitis – This may cause inflammation and destruction of the liver cells. It may lead to loss of appetite. It may also result in the yellow colouring of the eyes and urine.
- Gall Stones
- Cirrhosis
The common symptoms of liver disease include jaundice fever, high blood pressure, weakness and tiredness, enlarged and tender liver, oedema, etc
