CONTENT

1. Kingdom Plantae
2. Kingdom Animalia

 

Kingdom Plantae

(i) They are mainly non-motile

(ii) They are all autotrophic

 

1. Division Thallophyta (Algae):

E.g. pondweeds, seaweeds, diatoms

(a) They are nearly all aquatic

(b) Some are unicellular e.g. Chlamydomonas and diatoms some are filamentous e.g. spirogyra while some have flat body called a thallus e.g. seaweeds.

(c) The body is simple in structure. They have no true roots, stems, leaves or specialized conducting systems.

(d) All have chlorophyll and they photosynthesis. However, some have other pigments which mask the green colour of chlorophyll e.g. seaweeds may be brown, red, and green in colour.

 

2. Divisions of Embryophyta

(i) Bryophyta

E.g. mosses and liverworts.

(a) The cells are differentiated into tissues.

(b) They lack true roots stems and leaves, but have structures resembling them e.g. a typical moss has a stalk, small leaves which are one or two cells thick and thread-like rhizoids.

(c) There are no specialized conducting tissues.

(d) They are terrestrial and most live in deep and shady places.

(e) They need moisture for fertilization.

(f) They exhibit asexual reproduction by spores in which there is alteration of generation.

 

(ii) Tracheophyta (Vascular plants)

(a) Pteridophyta: E.g. ferns

(i) They re more complex in structure than Bryophytes.

(ii) They have proper roots, stems and leaves and a well-developed conducting system (i.e they are vascular green plants).

(iii) They are non-flowering and non-seed producing plants.

(iv) A large number of spores develop on the under surface of the leaves (or ponds) which are dispersed by wind.

(v) They need moisture for fertilization.

(vi) Nearly all ferns are terrestrial, growing in damp and shady places. Many tropical ferns grow as epiphytes on palms and other trees.

(vii) Most are herbs but a few are small trees.[mediator_tech]

(b) Spermatophyta: E.g. all seed-bearing plants.

(i) They are multicellular, seed producing plants.

(ii) They have true roots, stems and leaves.

(iii) They have well developed vascular tissues.

(iv) They reproduce sexually and do not need water for fertilization.

(v) They are mainly terrestrial plants.

 

There are two main sub-divisions namely:

(a) Sub-division Gymnospermae: All cone-bearing plants e.g. cycads, conifers and pines.

(i) They produce seeds in cones (naked seeds).

(ii) They do not form flowers and fruits.

(iii) All are woody plants and most are trees.

(b) Sub-division Angiospermae: All flowering plants.

(i) The seeds are produced in special structures called flowers.

(ii) Fertilized seeds are enclosed in fruits

(iii) They are nearly all terrestrial.

Angiosperms can be further divided into two classes according to the number of seed leaves (cotyledons). These are:

Dicotyledonous plants (Seed having two seed leaves) e.g. Cowpea, groundnut, etc.

Monocotyledonous plants (Seeds having one seed leaf) e.g. maize, millet, wheat, etc.

Kingdom Animalia

Classification of Animals

Types of Invertebrates

P – Porifera (sponges)

C – Coelenterate(Cnidaria)

P – Platyhelminthes (flat worms)

N – Nemathoda (round worms)

A – Annelida (segmented worms)

M – Mollusca

A – Arthropoda

E – Echinodermata

 

1. P – Porifera (Sponges)

Features

1. They are simple aquatic invertebrates that are motile.
2. They are attached to rocks, shell or corals
3. They reproduce both sexually and asexually
4. They live in colonies
5. Most are hermaphrodites (i.e possess male and female sex organs)
6. They are primitive multicellular animals with asymmetrical bodies

Examples

Demosponge, calcareous sponge, hexactinellid, siliceous sponge, Purple and Yellow Tube Sponge

 

Purple and Yellow Tube Sponge

The purple and yellow tube sponge displays one of the many different body forms typical of sponges. Sponges, considered to be the most primitive of the multicellular animals, are represented in the fossil record back to the Cambrian Period, at least 600 million years ago. The interior body cavities of sponges provide shelter for a variety of small crabs, sea stars, and other marine invertebrates.

 

2. Coelenterata

Features

1. They are multicellular aquatic organisms
2. Have radially symmetrical bodies
3. They reproduce asexually
4. Have two body layers (diploblastic)
5. They have tentacles with stinging cells for capturing prey

Examples

Hydra, sea anemone, jelly fish.

 

Red Sea Anemone

Sometimes mistaken for plants, sea anemones are true animals that kill prey with their poisonous tentacles. When a fish contacts them, the tentacles eject dozens of microscopic poisonous darts, paralyzing the victim. The tentacles then pull the prey into the mouth of the baglike body, which is basically one large stomach. The red sea anemone, Actinia equina, is a common species, inhabiting the intertidal zone along the Atlantic and Mediterranean coasts of Europe and Africa. It has 192 tentacles arranged around its mouth in six rings. Marine biologists believe some sea anemones can live 100 years or longer.

 

3. Platyhelminthes (flat worms)

They consist of three classes

Class i: turbellaria e.g. planaria

Class ii: Trematoda e.g. liver fluke

Class iii: Cestode e.g. tape worm.

General Features

1. Free living aquatic animals
2. They are parasitic
3. They are hermaphrodites and reproduce asexually
4. They have sac-like flat bodies
5. Bilaterally symmetrical bodies with definite head and tail.

 

Tapeworm

Tapeworms are parasitic worms that infest the intestinal lining and other organs of vertebrates. Tapeworms, having no mouth or digestive tract, are able to absorb partially digested material through their body surface.

 

4. Nematoda (round worms)

Features

1. They have round bilaterally symmetrical bodies, with makes it advanced over flat worms.
2. Have gut that is a straight tube with mouth and anus at opposite end.
3. Some are parasites (e.g. filarial worm causes elephantiasis also called filariasis) in animals while some are free-living
4. Some are hermaphrodites while some reproduce sexually
5. They have three body layers (triploblastic)

Examples

Hook worm, filarial worm, thread worm

 

Elephantiasis

The upper legs of this patient with elephantiasis show the typical sign of the disease, a hardening and thickening of the skin. Elephantiasis results from a blockage in the lymphatic system generally caused by a parasitic worm.

 

5. Annelida (segmented worms)

They consist of three classes

Class i: polychaeta e.g. sea worm

Class ii: Oligochaete e.g. earthworm

Class iii: hirudinean e.g. leech

General Features

1. They possess long cylindrical bodies
2. Most are marine forms and others in fresh water or damp soil.
3. Have internal and external segmented bodies which enable the animals to grow bigger.
4. Their body is partitioned by means of a septa
5. Alimentary canal has two openings, mouth and anus.
6. Have a well-developed nervous and circulatory system, have nephridia for gaseous exchange through moist skin.

 

Earthworm

Earthworms have a segmented, compartmentalized, cylindrical body and range in length from several centimeters (a few inches) to nearly 3.3 m (11 ft). They have no eyes, ears, or lungs. Earthworms breathe when air that is present between soil particles diffuses through their thin skins, and they are forced to the surface if these air pockets fill with rainwater. When a worm moves, it uses its longitudinal muscles to extend the front of its body into the soil ahead of it, pulling the back part up behind it. Setae, tiny projections from each segment of the worm, stick into the surrounding soil to keep the worm from slipping. The digging action of earthworms helps to aerate and mix the soil. Earthworms actually consume some of the soil as they dig, and their fecal deposits, called castings, also help enrich the soil.

6. Mollusca

They consist of three classes

Class i: Gastropoda e.g snail

Class ii: Pelecypoda e.g mussel

Class iii: Cephalopoda e.g Octopus

General Features

1. About half are marine organisms, others live in fresh water and on land
2. They posses soft unsegmented bodies
3. Some posses calcareous  shells (secreted by the mantle) for protection against physical damage, predators and drying out period
4. They posses muscular foot adapted for crawling, burrowing  and swimming
5. They posses tentacles
6. The anus open into mantle cavity

 

Octopus

The octopus is an invertebrate animal that lives in the sea. Octopuses have eight tentacles (arms). Two rows of suckers line each tentacle. Octopuses use their tentacles to catch crabs and other small animals to eat.

 

Giant African Snail

The giant African snail, Achatina fulica, is the largest land mollusk. Individuals may grow up to 23 centimeters (up to 9 inches) in length and weigh up to 0.5 kilograms (up to 1.1 pounds). This snail is native to tropical West Africa, and humans have accidentally spread it to many lands. It has a ravenous appetite and a taste for many crops and wild plants, making it a notorious worldwide pest. Control programs have met with little success and often harm native species. Studies have shown that processed giant African snails are nutritious as human food and can be cultivated as a protein source.

 

7. Insecta

They consist of four classes

Class i: Crustacea e.g crabs, lobster, prawns

Class ii: Insecta e.g grasshopper, praying mantis, cockroach

Class iii: Arachnida e.g spider, scorpion, mites, ticks

Class iv: Myriapodia e.g millipede and centepedes

General Features

1. They have segmented bodies
2. They three body layers (triploblastic)
3. They have various means of respiration eg gills, trachea, lung-book and body surface
4. They have joined appendages
5. They exhibit moulting (shedding of exoskeleton at intervals to permit growth)

 

Hermit Crab

Hermit crabs are distinguished from other crabs by the lack of a shell on the abdomen. As a result, hermit crabs must find empty snail shells to temporarily inhabit. While walking or feeding, hermit crabs extend their antennae, claws, and two pairs of walking legs out of the shell opening. When threatened by predators, hermit crabs quickly withdraw their bodies back into the protection of the shell. The large claw, the last part of the body to be withdrawn, often acts as a door, closing off the interior of the shell from predators. As hermit crabs grow, they must continually find new, larger shells in which to live.

 

Imperial Shrimp

The brilliant-red coloring of the imperial shrimp matches the coloring of the Spanish-dancer sea slug, on which it lives. The shrimp feeds on plankton and detritus that get caught in the mucous covering of the host’s skin.

 

 8. Echinodermata

1. They have radially symmetrical body
2. They are slow – moving marine animals living on the sea shore and sea beds
3. It has no head and brain
4. They are not segmented.
5. They are spiny – skinned animals.
6. They have tube feet used for movement

Examples

Sea urchins, sea cucumber, starfish.

Phylum Chordata – Vertebrates

Vertebrata is a subphylum of the phylum chordate. The chordates have a notochord, a flexible rod of tightly packed cells, a tubular nerve chord (dorsal) and gill slit at some stage in their life history. The back bone or vertebral column replaces the notochord in vertebrates.

General Features of Vertebrates

Vertebrates are animals with back bone.

1. All vertebrates have the following features
2. A well-developed central nervous system
3. Two pairs of limbs
4. Kidney for eliminating body waste
5. Well-developed sense organs
6. An internal or external skeleton
7. A bilaterally symmetrical body divided into head trunk and tail

Classes of Vertebrates

There are five classes of vertebrates

1. Pisces
2. Amphibians
3. Reptiles
4. Aves
5. Mammals.

 

Tilapia Fish

Fishes of the genus Tilapia are popular as both aquarium and food fishes. Some species of tilapia are mouth brooders, protecting unhatched eggs and newly hatched young by carrying the eggs and young in their mouths. Usually the female carries the offspring, but in a few species the male also participates in mouth brooding.

 

Although both amphibians, frogs and toads have several basic anatomical differences between them. The smooth, moist skin characteristic of frogs covers long legs specialized for jumping and swimming. (It is these musclebound limbs that give the Edible frog, left, its name.) The skin of toads like the Green toad, right, is dry and covered by knobby glandular projections often referred to as “warts.” With relatively short legs, toads lack the jumping ability and range of frogs.

 

Indian Gavial

The Indian gavial, found only in the Brahmaputra, Ganges, and Mohamadi rivers of India and the Koladon River of southeastern Asia, is differentiated from all other species of crocodilians by its long, narrow snout and weak legs. Growing to a size of 7 m (23 ft), the gavial feeds primarily on fish.

 

Gouldian Finches

Gouldian finches are one of about 153 species of finches found worldwide. The bills of finches are structurally adapted for shelling seeds, their primary food. A seed wedged in a small groove on the side of the palate is crushed when the lower portion of the bill is raised up against it. The tongue then removes and discards the husk, after which the seed is swallowed.

 

Clouded Leopard Climbing

The clouded leopard (Neofelis nebulosa) inhabits rain forests of Asia and can be found in Nepal, Thailand, Indonesia, and Borneo. This beautifully patterned wild cat hunts for birds and mammals usually in the early morning and late afternoon. Amazing climbers, clouded leopards spend much of their time in trees, sometimes hanging upside down from branches.

 

 

 

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