FIRST TERM EXAMINATION 2017/2018. Basic Six
EDU DELIGHT TUTORS
(NURSERY & PRIMARY)
TAPA STREET
FIRST TERM EXAMINATION 2017/2018
CLASS: PRIMARY 6 SUBJECT: MATHEMATICS
NAME:……………………………………………………………………………………
Instruction: Pick out the right answer from the given alternatives
Write 698,217 in words ________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Write out three prime numbers _______________________________________________
Write out all factors of 12 ______________________________________________________
Express fifty three million, twelve thousand and nine in words _________________________
What is the place value of 8 in 18492 _____________________________________________
Multiply the place value of 8 and 4 in 3482 ________________________________________
Increase 600 by 50% ___________________________________
Express 32 as a product of its prime factors in index form ____________________________
A woman bought an article for N120 and sold it for N90. Calculate the gain or loss percent_________________________________________
Write out the number of prime numbers between 41 and 49 _________________________
Divide 420 by 21 _______________________________________
Simplify 5 + 6½ + 27/10 = ________________________________
Change ¾ to decimal __________________________________
Change 32/5 to decimal _______________________________
Edet saves ¼ of his monthly salary of N4000. How much does he save? _________________
What is 5¾ of 60 = ____________________________
Convert $14 to Naira if $1 = N369. ____________________________
3 tins of biscuits cost N2:25, what is the cost of 5 similar tins? ________________________
From N35:05; take away N30:39
What is 40% of N5:00
Section B: Show all Workings
Express 37½% as a fraction in its lowest term
Express 2818 in Roman numerals
Calculate the area of the shaded portion
What must be added to the sum of 2/5 and ¼ to give 2½
The average age of 5 boys is 12 years. If one of them is 10years old. What is the average age of the remaining boys?
EDU DELIGHT TUTORS
(NURSERY & PRIMARY)
TAPA STREET
FIRST TERM EXAMINATION 2017/2018
CLASS: PRIMARY 6 SUBJECT: ENGLISH LANGUAGE
NAME:……………………………………………………………………………………
Comprehension
Read the passage below and answer the questions that follow
Many countries often make efforts to preserve as much of their forest as possible. This is because thick forest protect soil, water supply and animals. When forests are preserved, sources of water are usually protected. If water sources and table are spoilt through the destruction of forests, there will be no water at all or little quantity of water.
Forests need to be preserved, because they provide us with many things needed in life. We get plenty of timber from forest. From the timber, we make tables, chairs, bed and other furniture.
Not that alone, we can build wooden houses with planks from timber, wood pulp which is used for making paper is obtained from the forest. We also export timber to other countries which do not have enough.
Questions
What do we use wood pulp for: It is used for making ________________
(a) textbook (b) chairs (c) paper (d) cloths
Forest need to be preserved means that forest need to be kept __________________
(a) burnt (b) kept (c) cleaned (d) used
Do we use our timber in our country alone?
(a) We export timber to other countries (b) We use our timber to make furniture
(c) We do not use timber at all (d) We have burnt all the forest
What happened when water tables are destroyed?
(a) There will be not water at all or little quantity as water (b) There will be flood everywhere (c) All animals and plants in the forest will die (d) The hunters will start killing the animals
Why do many countries make effort to preserve their forest
(a) Thick forest provides wood for cooking (b) Thick forest makes our environment beautiful (c) Thick forest protects the soil, water supply and animals (d) Thick forest harbours snakes, lions, elephants and other wild animals
Part B: Grammar
Choose the correct one from the following spellings of the same word.
(a) Troble (b) Throuble (c) Trouble (d) Throble
(a) Bicycle (b) Byecyku (c) Bycicle (d) Biceycle
(a) Fullfill (b) Fullfi (c) Fulfill (d) Fulfell
(a) Anniversery (b) Anivasary (c) Anniversary (d) Anivarsary
(a) Length (b) lenght (c) lentgt (d) lenhgt
Part C: Fill the gaps with the correct option from the given alternatives
Who _____ the chart on the wall yesterday (a) tear (b) tears (c) tore (d) torn
The car was running at high speed when suddenly its type _____
burst (b) bursts (c) bursted (d) bursting
The victim was accidentally ____ by the policeman (a) shoot (b) short (c) shot (d) shut
He went to the cinema to take his mind ____ his worries (a) down (b) out of (c) to (d) off
John said that the bag belonged to him because the bag was __ (a) her (b) him (c) his (d) her
Part D: Write out the synonyms of the underlined words
John and his friends are sacred in the campus (a) beautiful (b) holy (c) generous (d) scatter
Mr. Adewale assembles all the candidates in the examination hall
address (b) advice (c) gather (d) advise
The Yoruba culture forbids children to raise voice at old ones
prohibit (b) avoid (c) caution (d) worm
The pupils escaped punishment by pretending to be reading
Got (b) accepted (c) allowed (d) got away from
The road to our school is very broad for people to move fast
(a) wide (b) widen (c) opening (d) broaden
Part E: Write out the opposite of the following words
Words Antonyms
Familiar
Local
Supporter
Deep
Humble
Comparison of Adjectives
Positive Comparative Superlative
Many
Dangerous
Good
Up
Round
EDU DELIGHT TUTORS
(NURSERY & PRIMARY)
TAPA STREET
FIRST TERM EXAMINATION 2017/2018
CLASS: PRIMARY 6 SUBJECT: VERBAL REASONING
NAME:……………………………………………………………………………………
Study the samples and pick the right answer from the given option
Section A:
Sample: (red, read) (set, seat) (best, ________) (a) bear (b) bat (c) beast Ans = Beast
(Bright, bight) (shoot, soot) (grazed, ________) (a) dazed (b) read (c) gazed
(won, now,) (show, wohs) (sleep, _________) (a) leaps (b) peels (c) pales
(over, rev) (draw, war) (gnaw, ___________) (a) wan (b) wang (c) gown
(steel, loot) (lend, den) (James, ___________) (a) same (b) made (c) some
(boil, boot) (host, home) (mood, __________) (a) mode (b) most (c) mile
Section B:
Sample: Ship and harbor, Train and station (a) rail (b) passenger (c) station
Car and land, boat and ___________ (a) swim (b) water (c) ship
Man and house, lion and ___________ (a) roar (b) den (c) hut
Sheep and bleat, cat and ____________ (a) bark (b) meow (c) roar
Hour and minute, week and ___________ (a) time (b) day (c) hour
Queen and king, princess and __________ (a) heir (b) prince (c) girl
Section C: Circle the odd one
Sample: A B C D
Orange Mango Cassava Apple
Hen Duck Cock Goat
Table Fork Knife Plate
Hyena Elephant Lion Tiger
Bus Boat Car Trailer
Lake River Spring Storm
Section D: Rhyme
KEEN: To murder (a) kiln (b) kill (c) king (d) kilt
SIN: To succeed (a) fin (b) bin (c) win (d) pin
BACK: Opposite of white (a) sac (b) black (c) rack (d) dark
FROZEN: A set of twelve (a) cousin (b) dozen (c) dozy (d) dark
BLOUSE: Singular of mice (a) louse (b) mouse (c) wise (d) dice
EDU DELIGHT TUTORS
(NURSERY & PRIMARY)
TAPA STREET
FIRST TERM EXAMINATION 2017/2018
CLASS: PRIMARY 6 SUBJECT: BASIC SCIENCE
NAME:……………………………………………………………………………………
Part A: Objectives
We sometimes need drugs to recover from ____________ (a) sadness (b) illness (c) laziness
A __________ person cannot go to school, work or office (a) sick (b) good (c) bad
_______ are substances that affect the action of the body. (a) drugs (b) coin (c) oil
Drugs can be natural or ___________ (a) pointed (b) wet (c) synthetic
Some food items are natural ______________ (a) coins (b) drugs (c) paper
A person that prepares and dispenses drug is called a ________
(a) journalist (b) pharmacist (c) lawyer
___ is the sweeping or washing away of soil nutrients (a) plastering (b) erosion (c) weathering
________ is the movement of plants towards sunlight
photosynthesis (b) phototropism (c) weathering
___________ is the use of drugs without doctor’s advice or prescription
child abuse (b) food abuse (c) drug abuse
______ is an example of drug that is commonly abused (a) malta (b) paracetamol (c) lipton
Lime, honey and kolanuts are examples of ___________
(a) synthetic (b) naturally (c) expired
Drugs in liquid forms are called _____ (a) syrup (b) tablets (c) capsules
Drugs in solid forms are called ___________ (a) syrup (b)tablet (c) coughta
Producing offspring is another name for _____ (a) reproduction (b) nutrition (c) excretion
Which of the following characteristics involves getting rid of waste products _______
(a) indigestion (b) nutrition (c) excretion
The ability of living things to bring forth young ones is known as ________
(a) respiration (b) excretion (c) movement
Which characteristics of living things is involved in this chain “A Fox eats a rabbit”
(a) growth (b) nutrition (c) reproduction
____________________ is the ability of living things to response to stimulus
(a) movement (b) growth (c) irritability
___________ is the increase in body weight and size (a) growth (b) movement (c) death
____________ means making the environment unsafe for plants and animals
(a) erosion (b) weathering (c) pollution
Section B:
1.) What is pollution? ___________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
2.) Mention two types of pollution
(a) ________________________________ (b) ________________________________
3.) What is Drug Abuse?________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
4.) Mention two drugs that are commonly abused
(a) ________________________________ (b) ________________________________
5.) Mention two naturally occurring drugs
(a) _________________________________________________________________________
(b) _________________________________________________________________________
EDU DELIGHT TUTORS
(NURSERY & PRIMARY)
TAPA STREET
FIRST TERM EXAMINATION 2017/2018
CLASS: PRIMARY 6 SUBJECT: SOCIAL STUDIES
NAME:……………………………………………………………………………………
____________ is the legal union between a man and a woman to become husband and wife (a) family (b) marriage (c) divorce
The smallest social unit is ______________ (a) marriage (b) school (c) family
The official language in Nigeria is _________________ (a) Arab (b) Spanish (c) English
Traditionally in Africa, large family members always live together and this is known as _____ family (a) group (b) gang (c) extended
_______ is the head of the nuclear family (a) father (b) grandpa (c) uncle
Hip-hop, Reggae and blue are all examples of western culture on our _____
Food (b) language (c) music
______ is the mode, way or method of worship (a) God (b) Islam (c) Religion
Christians and Bibles, Muslims and _______ (a) Rosary (b) Hijab (c) Quran
Muslims worship in mosques while traditional worshippers worship in the ______
church (b) mosque (c) shrine
Some people marry people of the same ethnic group as themselves. This is called ____ ethnic marriage (a) inter (b) intra (c) ultra
Mr. James has three wives. This is an example of _______ marriage.
monogamous (b) polygamous (c) illegal
Segun from Ogun State is married to Ada from Abia State. This is an example of ______ ethnic marriage (a) inter (b) intra (c) ultra
Social studies is the study of _____ and his environment (a) space (b) god (c) man
A _____ is a lowland between two hills (a) mountain (b) valley (c) clef
______ is the Senate President
Mohammadu Buhari (b) Bukola Saraki (c) Akinwunmi Ambode
_______ is the sum total way of life. (a) Religion (b) History (c) culture
There are _______ arms of government (a) four (b) seven (c) three
Nigeria became a republic in _______ (a) 1914 (b) 1960 (c) 1963
Democracy day is celebrated on the ______ of May every year in Nigeria
1st (b) 27th (c) 29th
The _____ government is known as the government at the grass root
(a) Federal (b) State (c) Local
Part B:
What is Culture? Culture is ____________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
What is religion? Religion is ___________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
What is marriage? Marriage is _________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
What is Divorce? Divorce is ___________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
State the difference between intra-ethnic marriage and inter-ethnic marriage
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
EDU DELIGHT TUTORS
(NURSERY & PRIMARY)
TAPA STREET
FIRST TERM EXAMINATION
CLASS: PRIMARY 6 SUBJECT: VOCATIONAL APTITUDE
NAME:……………………………………………………………………………………
Answer the following questions
___________ is the job that someone does for a living (a) vocation (b) action (c) atom
_______ is a list of dishes available at a restaurant (a) programme (b) event (c) menu
The following are examples of tools used by a caterer except ___ (a) apron (b) radio (c) pots
__________ refers to the conduct or manner by which someone does his job
(a) professionalism (b) vague (c) arrogance
The vocation of a teacher is ______ (a) teaching (b) speaking (c) singing
The Institute of Chartered Accountants (ICAN) is the professional body for ____
(a) accountants (b) doctors (c) lawyers
A good entrepreneur must be ________ (a) careless (b) useless (c) discipline
The workplace of a blacksmith is called a _____ (a) laundry (b) forge (c) chemist
The regulatory body for engineers is _____ (a) CIBN (b) CBN (c) COREN
_______ is an electronic device that can accept data, process it and give us useful information (a) network (b) computer (c) aquatic
_____ trains athlete or sportsman (a) bouncer (b) coach (c) defender
A carpenter makes ______ objects (a) old (b) metallic (c) wooden
_____ is an indoor game (a) chess (b) car racing (c) football
A ____ is a person who cooks and prepares food at an event (a) teacher (b) cooker (c) caterer
Pincers is used by carpenter to remove unwanted _____ (a) saw (b) nails (c) blood
An example of a type of house is ____ house (a) ship (b) canoe (c) duplex
One of the reasons people do not own a house is _____ (a) ignorance (b) pride (c) poverty
______ is a legal member of any city of the community (a) citizen (b) alien (c) foreigner
You can become a citizen of a country by all the following except by _____
(a) birth (b) marriage (c) death
The absence of government in a country can cause ______ (a) peace (b) love (c) insecurity
Part B
Mention two qualities of an entrepreneur
(a) ________________________________ (b) ________________________________
Mention two indoor games
(a) ________________________________ (b) ________________________________
Write out two carpentry tools
(a) ________________________________ (b) ________________________________
Mention two outdoor games or sports
(a) ________________________________ (b) ________________________________
Write out the following in full
ICAN ___________________________________________________________________
CIBN____________________________________________________________________
EDU DELIGHT TUTORS
(NURSERY & PRIMARY)
TAPA STREET
FIRST TERM EXAMINATION 2017/2018
CLASS: PRIMARY 6 SUBJECT: FINE ART
NAME:……………………………………………………………………………………
The degree of lighten or darkness in an art work is called _____
Shape (b) colour (c) value (d) form
The response of vision to wave lengths of light is ____ (a) colour (b) line (c) shape (d) space
The mixture of yellow and blue in equal quantity will give us colour _____
Green (b) lemon (c) orange (d) purple
An artist who specialized in painting is called _____
Painter (b) sculpture (c) artisan (d) artiste
The branch of art that deals with acting is called _______ art
performing (b) liberal (c) visual (d) applied
The drawing of non-living things is known as ______ drawing
Life (b) nature (c) still life (d) aroma
The drawing of cattle grazing on a valley is known as _______ drawing
life (b) nature (c) still life (d) aroma
Which of these colours create coolness _____ (a) blue (b) red (c) orange (d) black
Which of these colours represents holiness or cleanliness (a) yellow (b) red (c) white (d) black
Another name for colour is ____ (a) water colour (b) eraser (c) pencil (d) hue
Part B:
The power to bring into form is known as _______________________________________
Mention four fine art materials
(a) ________________________________ (b) ________________________________
(c) ________________________________ (d) ________________________________
Mention two performing art
(a) ________________________________ (b) ________________________________
Art is anything made or done by _______________________ or ______________________
Draw and paint the Nigerian flag
EDU DELIGHT TUTORS
(NURSERY & PRIMARY)
TAPA STREET
FIRST TERM EXAMINATION 2017/2018
CLASS: PRIMARY 6 SUBJECT: BIBLE KNOWLEDGE
NAME:……………………………………………………………………………………
Objective: Answer all the questions
Saul was traveling to ______ when he saw a great light and fell.
(a) Jerusalem (b) Antioch (c) Damascus
Before his conversion, Saul was involved in _______
(a) piracy (b) smuggling (c) persecution and death of Stephen
Saul was trained in what trade? (a) carpentry (b) shoe-making (c) tent making
Saul was brought up by a Greek teacher called _____ (a) Samuel (b) Gamaliel (c) Judah
To convert means to __________ (a) change (b) move (c) cook
The apostles were first called Christians in ________ (a) Jerusalem (b) Antioch (c) Samaria
Saul was blind for __________ days (a) four (b) nine (c) three
God saved ________________ from the lion’s den (a) David (b) Daniel (c) Darius
God said “Let there be __________ and there was ______ (a) light (b) moon (c) day
Pharaoh and his Egyptian chariots perished in the __________________
(a) furnace of fire (b) storm of life (c) red sea
___________ was the father of faith (a) Abraham (b) Jonah (c) Isaac
__________ sold his birth right (a) Moses (b) Joseph (c) Esau
__________________ was sold into slavery by his brother because of his dreams
(a) Jonah (b) Joseph (c) Johnson
_______ led the Israelites out of Egypt through the red sea (a) Moses (b) Victor (c) Ikpehoba
God created ______________ on the third day (a) sea and dry land (b) sky (c) man
On the _____ day, God rested (a) second (b) fifth (c) seventh
We should not be ________________ about what to eat or drink because God will provide (a) anxious (b) careful (c) serious
Jesus fed __ thousand people with five loaves of bread and two fishes (a) two (b) five (c) nine
_______ is the third person in Trinity (a) father (b) son (c) Holy spirit
_______ is a statement that is right (a) guess (b) hypothesis (c) truth
Part B:
What is Temptation? _________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
Write out the three temptation of our Lord Jesus Christ
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
Narrate in not more than ten sentences the event that led to the conversion of Saul
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
Write out the Lord’s prayer
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
One the first day God created the ____________________________________________
On the seventh day God ___________________________________________________
EDU DELIGHT TUTORS
(NURSERY & PRIMARY)
TAPA STREET
FIRST TERM EXAMINATION 2017/2018
CLASS: PRIMARY 6 SUBJECT: AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE
NAME:……………………………………………………………………………………
____________ deals with cultivation of crops and rearing of animals
Farming (b) driving (c) writing
__________ is an agent of soil formation (a) soil (b) weather (c) man
________ is formed when rocks are broken into smaller pieces (a) rock (b) soil (c) organisms
Animals that feed mostly on plants and grass are called ____ animals
Omnivourous (b) carnivouros (c) herbivour
_______ are plants that cause damage to farm animals (a) habitat (b) pest (c) host
It is the duty of the agriculture _____ worker to educate and orientate farmers
economics (b) budget (c) extension
Farming was started by the _____ (a) foreign men (b) early men (c) bush
A farmer that produces crops mainly for his family is known as _____ farmer
(a) commercial (b) industrial (c) subsistence
___________ is the rearing of animals and planting of crops for man’s use
(a) economics (b) biology (c) agriculture
The early men were wanderers that mostly lived in ____ (a) caves (b) duplex (c) kitchen
Banana, apples and mangoes are all examples of _____ vegetables (a) leafy (b) root (c) fruit
Cocoyam and yam are examples of _____ crops (a) cereal (b) tuber (c) spicey
Goats, cow and pigs are examples of ______ animals (a) domestic (b) wild (c) foreign
The flat green organ in plant is called ______ (a) leaf (b) pestal (c) flower
Planks and wood are raw materials from _____ (a) timber (b) cotton (c) cocoa
________ is obtained from cassava (a) garri (b) oil (c) cloth
_______ is need for soap making (a) oil palm (b) palm wine (c) palm tree
In agriculture, we grow crops and rear animals for the use of ______ (a) goat (b) pig (c) man
One of the importance of agriculture is the provision of _______ for farmers
(a) data (b) income (c) wood
Man needs shelter or houses to protect himself and his property from harsh weather condition. We can say that agriculture provides _____ for man. (a) food (b) shelter (c) road
Part B
Mention four people in agriculture
(a) ________________________________ (b) ________________________________
(c) ________________________________ (d) ________________________________
Write out four importance of agriculture
(a) _________________________________________________________________________
(b) _________________________________________________________________________
(c) _________________________________________________________________________
(d) _________________________________________________________________________
Write out the industries that use the following agricultural produce
Agricultural Produce Industries
Palm Oil ___________________________________________
Cotton ___________________________________________
Timber ___________________________________________
Cocoa seeds ___________________________________________
Fill the gaps with the right option
Yam, maize, rice, groundnuts are ________________________________
Aloe vera, garlic, lime are __________________________________
Bullock, oxen, camel and donkey are ____________________________
Zoo, game, reserves and amusement parks are ____________________________
Food Products, Medicinal Herbs, Animal Powers, Recreational Centres
What is Agriculture? _________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
EDU DELIGHT TUTORS
(NURSERY & PRIMARY)
TAPA STREET
FIRST TERM EXAMINATION 2017/2018
CLASS: PRIMARY 6 SUBJECT: CIVIC EDUCATION
NAME:……………………………………………………………………………………
______ is our fatherland (a) Ghana (b) Egypt (c) Cameroun (d) Nigeria
____________ honours are awards given to exceptional members of the country at National level (a) social (b) Economic (c) National (d) Boost
The National Honours awards was established in ______________
(a) 1860 (b) 1964 (c) 1971 (d) 1985
The National honours award is categorized into _____ orders of dignity
(a) few (b) ment (c) two (d) lower
Grand commander of the Order of the Federal Republic of Nigeria (GCFR) is ____ of the country (a) General (b) President (c) accountant (d) policeman
Goods that are sent from Nigeria to another country are called ____ goods
fake (b) sub standard (c) inferior (d) exported
_______ is the legal union of a man and woman to become husband and wife
Marriage (b) caring (c) courtship (d) re-union
A ______ is a physical structure with walls, a roof, doors and window
cabinet (b) lorry (c) house (d) canopy
Houses made with mud are said to be ____ houses
modern (b) sophisticated (c) traditional (d) Egypt
Some people do not own houses because of _______ (a) love (b) care (c) poverty (d) sex
The arm of government that execute the law are the _____
Judiciaries (b) executives (c) legislative (d) policemen
Government at the grassroots is the _____ government
executive (b) state (c) local (d) federal
The capital of Bayelsa State is _____ (a) Ondo (b) Yenegoa (c) Asaba (d) Edo
The National anthem has _______ stanza (a) four (b) seven (c) two (d) nine
The gateway state is the slogan for _____ state (a) Edo (b) Ogun (c) Osun (d) Sokoto
__ state is always referred to as Centre of Excellence (a) Imo (b) Abuja (c) Kaduna (d) Lagos
Workers’ day is celebrated on the _____ of May every year (a) 27th (b) 29th (c) 1st (d) 3rd
A baby cat is called a _____ (a) wolf (b) kitten (c) fowl (d) toddler
The pressure group that protects the rights and freedom of teachers is known as _____
NURTW (b) LASTMA (c) NUT (d) NUJ
______ is one of the problems that is created by bad political leader
(a) patriotism (b) nationalism (c) integrity (d) corruption
Part B:
Write out the following National Honours in full
OFR –
GCON –
GCFR –
OON –
Write out two imported goods
(a) _________________________________________________________________________
(b) _________________________________________________________________________
Mention two types of houses
(a) _________________________________________________________________________
(b) _________________________________________________________________________
4.) Mention two reasons why people do not own houses
(a) _________________________________________________________________________
(b) _________________________________________________________________________
EDU DELIGHT TUTORS
(NURSERY & PRIMARY)
TAPA STREET
FIRST TERM EXAMINATION 2017/2018
CLASS: PRIMARY 6 SUBJECT: QUANTITATIVE REASONING
NAME:……………………………………………………………………………………
Samples:
1.) (2.) (3.)
4.) (5.)
Samples:
6.) (7.) (8.)
9.) (10.)
Samples:
11.) (12.) (13.)
14.) (15.)
Samples:
16.) (17.) (18.)
19.) (20.)
