Conditional Clauses; Complex Sentence   Vocabulary Development: Words Associated with Publishing  Essay Writing: Speech Writing, Meaning and Features 

Subject : English Grammar

Class : SS 2

Term : Third Term

Week :Week 2 

TOPIC: 

WEEK TWO

TOPICS 

• Conditional Clauses; Complex Sentence  

• Vocabulary Development: Words Associated with Publishing 

• Essay Writing: Speech Writing, Meaning and Features 

(1) Conditional Clauses 

Content: Definition,Types and Examples

A conditional sentence has at least two clauses, one beginning with if (or ‘unless’ which means ‘if …. Not’)

Examples:

If inflation is high, the value of life insurance policies goes down.

Explanation: The ‘if clause’ is the subordinate clause while the result clause is the main clause. The arrangement of the sentence can be altered by positioning the result clause before the if clause e.gThe value of life insurance policies go down if inflation is high.

 

The basic concepts and types of conditional sentences: “Understanding Conditional Sentences: Types and Examples”

 

TYPES OF CONDITIONAL SENTENCES

• Likely or probable conditionals

Sentences in this category fall into two forms:

1. the if clause and the result may be in the present simple tense

e.g If you have a life insurance policy, your family has financial protection.

1. Present simple tense in the if-clause, future tense in the result clause e.g with your policy, the insurance company will pay up, even if you drive into a tree.

 

• Unlikely or Remote conditional

Past tense (also called the subjunctive) is used in the if-clause, “would” in the result clause.

e.g if you left the keys in the car and if it were stolen, the insurance company would  probably not pay you.

 

• Unfulfilled or impossible conditional. 

It is used for talking about what did not happen. The past perfect tense is in the if-clause “would have” and a past participle is in the result clause e.g If I had left the keys in the car, the insurance company would not have paid up.

Conditional Sentences

Conditional sentences are sentences that express a condition and its possible result or consequence. In other words, they show what would happen if a certain condition is met. There are three main types of conditional sentences: Type 1, Type 2, and Type 3.

Type 1 Conditional Sentences: Type 1 conditional sentences are used to talk about real or possible situations in the present or future. The structure of a Type 1 conditional sentence is as follows:

if + present simple, will + base form of verb

Example: If it rains, we will stay at home. (This sentence shows that if it rains, we will stay at home.)

Type 2 Conditional Sentences: Type 2 conditional sentences are used to talk about unreal or imaginary situations in the present or future. The structure of a Type 2 conditional sentence is as follows:

if + past simple, would + base form of verb

Example: If I had more money, I would buy a car. (This sentence shows that if the speaker had more money, they would buy a car.)

Type 3 Conditional Sentences: Type 3 conditional sentences are used to talk about unreal or imaginary situations in the past. The structure of a Type 3 conditional sentence is as follows:

if + past perfect, would have + past participle

Example: If I had studied harder, I would have passed the test. (This sentence shows that if the speaker had studied harder in the past, they would have passed the test.)

It’s important to note that there are other types of conditional sentences, such as mixed conditionals and conditional sentences with modal verbs. However, understanding the basic structure of Type 1, Type 2, and Type 3 conditional sentences is a good starting point

Conditional sentences, also known as “if” sentences, express a hypothetical or conditional situation and its outcome. They consist of two parts: the condition, which is introduced by “if,” and the result, which is introduced by “then” or another conjunction.

There are several types of conditional sentences, including:

1. Zero Conditional: The zero conditional is used to talk about general truths or facts that are always true, regardless of the situation. It is formed with the present simple in both clauses.

Example: If you heat water to 100 degrees, it boils.

2. First Conditional: The first conditional is used to talk about real situations in the present or future, where the outcome depends on a particular condition. It is formed with the present simple in the if-clause and will or modal verbs in the result clause.

Example: If it rains, I will stay at home.

3. Second Conditional: The second conditional is used to talk about hypothetical or unlikely situations in the present or future. It is formed with the past simple in the if-clause and would, could, or might in the result clause.

Example: If I had more money, I would buy a new car.

4. Third Conditional: The third conditional is used to talk about hypothetical situations in the past that did not happen. It is formed with the past perfect in the if-clause and would have, could have, or might have in the result clause.

Example: If I had studied harder, I would have passed the exam.

5. Mixed Conditional: The mixed conditional combines elements of the second and third conditionals. It is used to describe a present situation that is the result of a past event.

Example: If I had taken that job, I would be working in New York now.

In summary, conditional sentences are a way to express hypothetical or conditional situations and their outcomes. By understanding the different types and their structures, you can effectively use them in your writing and speech

EVALUATION

1. Which type of conditional sentence is used to talk about real or possible situations in the present or future? a) Zero Conditional b) First Conditional c) Second Conditional d) Third Conditional
2. Which type of conditional sentence is used to talk about hypothetical or unlikely situations in the present or future? a) Zero Conditional b) First Conditional c) Second Conditional d) Third Conditional
3. Which type of conditional sentence is used to talk about hypothetical situations in the past that did not happen? a) Zero Conditional b) First Conditional c) Second Conditional d) Third Conditional
4. What is the structure of a first conditional sentence? a) if + present simple, would + base form of verb b) if + past simple, would + base form of verb c) if + past perfect, would have + past participle d) if + present simple, will + base form of verb
5. What is the structure of a zero conditional sentence? a) if + present simple, would + base form of verb b) if + past simple, would + base form of verb c) if + past perfect, would have + past participle d) if + present simple, present simple
6. Which type of conditional sentence is used to talk about a present situation that is the result of a past event? a) Zero Conditional b) First Conditional c) Second Conditional d) Mixed Conditional
7. What is the structure of a mixed conditional sentence? a) if + present simple, present simple b) if + past simple, would + base form of verb c) if + past perfect, would have + past participle d) if + past perfect, would + base form of verb
8. What is the difference between a second conditional and a third conditional sentence? a) The second conditional talks about hypothetical situations in the present or future, while the third conditional talks about hypothetical situations in the past. b) The second conditional talks about real situations in the present or future, while the third conditional talks about real situations in the past. c) The second conditional talks about hypothetical situations in the past, while the third conditional talks about real situations in the past. d) The second conditional talks about real situations in the present or future, while the third conditional talks about hypothetical situations in the past.
9. Which of the following is an example of a second conditional sentence? a) If it rains, we will stay at home. b) If I had more money, I would buy a car. c) If you heat water to 100 degrees, it boils. d) If I had studied harder, I would have passed the test.
10. Which of the following is an example of a third conditional sentence? a) If it rains, we will stay at home. b) If I had more money, I would buy a car. c) If you heat water to 100 degrees, it boils. d) If I had studied harder, I would have passed the test.

Identify the following as likely, unlikely or unfulfilled conditions 

1. If you steal, you may be jailed
2. I would have left if you had arrived earlier.
3. If you stole, you would be jailed

 

READING ASSIGNMENT

Read passage 41,56 Main text.

Complex sentences: “Mastering Complex Sentences: Usage and Examples“

(2) Complex Sentence 

This is a type of sentence structure which consists of one main clause and one or more subordinate clauses, hence it is denoted by (M1, S1 or more ). When writing this type of sentence, any of the clauses could come first, but it is advisable to write the dependent clause first before the main clause so as to achieve sentence vigour. All conditional clauses are complex sentences.

A complex sentence can have a variety of subordinating conjunctions that connect the dependent clause to the independent clause.

A dependent clause (also known as a subordinate clause) cannot stand alone as a sentence, as it does not express a complete thought. It is dependent on the main clause to form a complete sentence. Some common subordinating conjunctions that can be used to introduce dependent clauses in complex sentences include:

• after
• although
• as
• because
• before
• if
• since
• though
• unless
• until
• when
• whereas
• while

Examples of complex sentences with different subordinating conjunctions:

• After I finish my work, I will go to the gym.
• Although it was raining, we still went for a walk.
• As she was studying for her exams, she felt very stressed.
• Because he missed the train, he arrived late for the meeting.
• Before we go out to eat, let’s check the reviews online.
• If you need any help, just let me know.
• Since she started exercising regularly, she has lost weight.
• Though he was tired, he stayed up late to finish his project.
• Unless you hurry, we will be late for the movie.
• Until she gets her driver’s license, she will have to take the bus.
• When I saw her, she was wearing a red dress.
• Whereas my sister prefers coffee, I prefer tea.
• While it was snowing outside, we sat by the fireplace and drank hot cocoa

Examples

• As soon as she finished her dinner, she started working on her homework.
• Because the traffic was heavy, they arrived at the party late.
• After he left the office, he went to the gym to work out.
• Although she didn’t like the movie, she stayed until the end.
• Before you start cooking, make sure you have all the necessary ingredients.
• If it snows tomorrow, we will have a snowball fight outside.
• Since he became a vegetarian, he has been feeling more energetic.
• Though the concert tickets were expensive, she decided to buy them anyway.
• Until he finds a new job, he will be unemployed.
• When she arrived at the airport, her flight had already left.
• Whereas my brother is outgoing, I am more introverted.
• While he was studying for his exam, he drank a cup of coffee to stay awake.

In each of these examples, the main clause and the subordinate clause are connected by a subordinating conjunction, such as “as soon as”, “because”, “although”, “before”, “if”, “since”, “though”, “until”, “when”, “whereas”, or “while”.

1. If I were your father, I would punish you.

Sub. Cl. M. cl.

1. Whenever it rains, I don’t go to work. 

       Sub. Cl. M. cl.

1. Since I came to this school, I have never been punishedbecause I always obey the rules

Sub. Cl. M. cl. Sub. Cl.

1. I will call youwhen I’m less busy.

1. cl. Sub. Cl.

1. The book which you gave mehas been stolen

Sub. Cl.       M.cl 

 

EVALUATION 

1. What is a complex sentence? a) A sentence with one main clause and one or more subordinate clauses. b) A sentence with two or more independent clauses. c) A sentence with a subject and a verb. d) A sentence with no punctuation.
2. What is a subordinate clause? a) A clause that can stand alone as a sentence. b) A clause that is dependent on the main clause to form a complete sentence. c) A clause that is always written after the main clause. d) A clause that doesn’t need a subordinating conjunction.
3. How many clauses does a complex sentence have? a) One b) Two c) Three d) Four
4. What is the function of a subordinating conjunction in a complex sentence? a) To connect two independent clauses. b) To indicate the tone of the sentence. c) To introduce a subordinate clause. d) To show the subject of the sentence.
5. Which of the following is NOT a subordinating conjunction? a) After b) And c) Because d) Although
6. In a complex sentence, which clause is dependent on the other? a) The main clause is dependent on the subordinate clause. b) The subordinate clause is dependent on the main clause. c) Both clauses are independent of each other. d) Neither clause is dependent on the other.
7. Which of the following is an example of a complex sentence? a) He went to the store and bought some milk. b) She ran quickly to catch the bus. c) After she finished her homework, she watched TV. d) The cat sat on the windowsill and meowed.
8. What is the benefit of placing the dependent clause first in a complex sentence? a) It creates a sense of suspense. b) It makes the sentence shorter. c) It improves the sentence’s clarity and flow. d) It doesn’t make a difference in the sentence’s meaning.
9. Are all complex sentences also conditional clauses? a) Yes b) No
10. Which of the following is an example of a complex sentence with the subordinating conjunction “while”? a) She didn’t study for the test, so she failed. b) He loves pizza and pasta. c) While he was reading a book, she was watching TV. d) I want to go to the beach, but it’s raining

Write down ten complex sentences using different clauses markers and underlined the subordinate clauses.

 

READING ASSIGNMENT 

Pg. 272 Countdown English 

Vocabulary words associated with publishing: “Essential Vocabulary for Publishing: Words and Meanings“

VOCABULARY: Words Associated with Publishing

Content: Words, Meaning, Examples 

1. Publishing: The profession or business of preparing and printing books, magazines, CD-ROMS etc and selling or making them available to the public e.g. Evans Brothers is a reputable publishing company.
2. Manuscript: Copy of a book, piece of music etc before it has been printed or a very old book or document that was written by hand before printinge.g.  The author has sold his manuscript to a publishing outfit. 

• Reader: a worker in a publishing house who reads a manuscript to see if it will appeal to the public.

• Author:A person who writes books or who wrote a particular book e.g.  Who is your favourite author? 

• Edition: The form or number of copies of a book, newspaper, or magazine. e.g.  Sally Wehmeier is the chief editor of the seventh edition of the Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary.

• Revised Edition: A published book in which the author has added new ideas or eliminated obsolete concepts. e.g.  The revised edition of the text book will soon be published.

• Hardback or Paperback: A book may have a hard outer covering or a light outer covering. This impacts its cost. 

• Review: An examination of something with the intention of changing it if necessary e.g. This textbook is due to be reviewed.

• Imprint (Technical): The name of the publisher of a book usually printed below the title on the first page.e.g. The publisher’s imprint is too vague.

• Copyright: A statement showing the person who holds publication rights usually forbidding unauthorised duplication. e.g.  It is still a matter of debate if the photocopying of a book infringes on copyright laws.
• Manuscript: The original copy of a book or other written work before it is printed.
• Galley proof: A preliminary version of a publication used for proofreading and editing.
• Hardcover: A book with a stiff, durable cover made of cardboard or cloth.
• Paperback: A book with a flexible, often glossy cover made of paper or cardstock.
• Imprint: A name or logo used by a publisher to identify a specific line of books.
• Blurb: A short promotional statement or review of a book or other publication.
• Copyright: Legal ownership and exclusive rights to reproduce, distribute, and sell a written work.
• Royalties: Payments made to an author for the use of their work, typically a percentage of the book’s sales.
• ISBN: International Standard Book Number, a unique identifier assigned to each edition of a book.
• Bestseller: A book that sells a large number of copies and achieves widespread popularity.
• Manuscript submission: The process of sending a manuscript to a publisher for consideration.
• Advance: Money paid to an author by a publisher prior to publication, often based on anticipated sales.
• Editor: A person responsible for overseeing the content, style, and overall quality of a written work.
• Proofreading: The process of reviewing a manuscript or galley proof for errors in grammar, spelling, and punctuation.
• Publication: The act of printing and distributing a written work for public consumption
• Distribution: The process of getting a publication into the hands of readers, either through physical or digital means.
• Print run: The number of copies of a publication printed in a single edition or printing.
• Typesetting: The process of arranging text and other elements on a page to create a visually appealing layout.
• Font: The style, size, and typeface used for the text in a publication.
• Endpapers: The pages at the beginning and end of a book that are glued to the inside of the cover.
• Foreword: An introduction to a book written by someone other than the author, often an expert in the subject matter.
• Dedication: A statement at the beginning of a book that is dedicated to a person or group of people.
• Table of contents: A list of the chapters or sections of a book, along with their page numbers.
• Index: An alphabetical list of keywords and topics included in a book, along with the pages where they can be found.
• Front matter: The pages at the beginning of a book that include the title page, copyright information, and table of contents.
• Back matter: The pages at the end of a book that include the index, bibliography, and any appendices or supplementary material.
• E-book: A digital version of a book that can be read on an electronic device such as a tablet or e-reader.
• Self-publishing: The process of publishing a book without the involvement of a traditional publishing house.
• Vanity publishing: A type of self-publishing in which the author pays a publisher to produce and distribute their book.
• Literary agent: A person who represents an author and helps them sell their work to publishers

EVALUATION

1. What is a manuscript? a) A printed book b) An author’s original copy of a written work before it is printed c) A book that sells a large number of copies
2. What is a galley proof? a) The final version of a book before it is printed b) A preliminary version of a publication used for proofreading and editing c) The process of arranging text and other elements on a page to create a visually appealing layout
3. What is an ISBN? a) An author’s exclusive rights to reproduce and distribute their work b) A unique identifier assigned to each edition of a book c) A person responsible for overseeing the content and style of a written work
4. What is a font? a) The number of copies of a publication printed in a single edition or printing b) The style, size, and typeface used for the text in a publication c) The process of getting a publication into the hands of readers
5. What is distribution? a) The process of reviewing a manuscript or galley proof for errors b) The process of arranging text and other elements on a page c) The process of getting a publication into the hands of readers
6. What is typesetting? a) The process of reviewing a manuscript or galley proof for errors b) The process of arranging text and other elements on a page c) The process of assigning a unique identifier to each edition of a book
7. What is the purpose of an index in a book? a) To provide a list of keywords and topics included in a book, along with the pages where they can be found b) To provide a short promotional statement or review of a book c) To provide a unique identifier for each edition of a book
8. What is front matter in a book? a) The pages at the beginning of a book that include the title page, copyright information, and table of contents b) The pages at the end of a book that include the index, bibliography, and any appendices or supplementary material c) The pages in the middle of a book that contain the main content of the book
9. What is self-publishing? a) The process of publishing a book without the involvement of a traditional publishing house b) The process of sending a manuscript to a publisher for consideration c) The process of assigning a unique identifier to each edition of a book
10. What is a literary agent? a) A person who represents an author and helps them sell their work to publishers b) A person responsible for overseeing the content and style of a written work c) A person who edits and proofreads a manuscript or galley proof
11. What is a printing press? a) A machine used to print books, newspapers, and other publications b) A person responsible for overseeing the distribution of a publication c) A person who reviews a manuscript or galley proof for errors
12. What is a trade paperback? a) A large, hardcover book intended for libraries and collectors b) A small, pocket-sized book sold at newsstands and convenience stores c) A softcover book sold through traditional book retailers
13. What is a blurb? a) A brief summary or promotional statement printed on the cover of a book b) A type of font commonly used in publishing c) A list of keywords and topics included in a book, along with the pages where they can be found
14. What is a proofreader? a) A person who checks for errors and inconsistencies in a manuscript or galley proof b) A person who designs the layout and typography of a publication c) A person who markets and promotes a book to potential readers
15. What is an imprint? a) A publishing house’s logo or branding b) A unique identifier assigned to each edition of a book c) The process of getting a publication into the hands of readers under a specific publishing brand or division.

Theory

Use five vocabulary items to make sentences.

 

READING ASSIGNMENT 

Read page 138- 139 Countdown

The features and types of speeches: “Exploring Speeches: Features and Types

Essay Writing: Speech Writing, Explanation and Features 

This is a written composition that is expected to be delivered to a live audience. It is therefore necessary to consider the languagevis-à-vis the interest of the audience. Primarily, speeches should be very informative, educative and entertaining. 

Speech Writing

Speech writing is the art of crafting a speech or presentation that can be effectively delivered to an audience. A speech writer must have a good understanding of the intended audience, the purpose of the speech, and the message that the speaker wants to convey. The goal of a speech is to inform, persuade, inspire, or entertain the audience, and the speech writer must carefully choose the words and structure of the speech to achieve this goal.

Explanation

Speech writing involves several steps, which include researching the topic of the speech, identifying the audience, understanding the speaker’s style and tone, and organizing the speech into a coherent structure. The speech writer must also consider the length of the speech and the time allotted for the presentation, as well as any visual aids or props that may be used.

The introduction of a speech is crucial, as it sets the tone and establishes the purpose of the speech. The introduction should capture the attention of the audience and provide a clear statement of the speaker’s main message. The body of the speech should provide supporting evidence and examples to reinforce the main message, and the conclusion should summarize the key points and leave a lasting impression on the audience.

Features

There are several key features of effective speech writing. These include:

1. Clarity: The speech should be clear and easy to understand, with simple and concise language.
2. Audience awareness: The speech writer must be aware of the audience’s needs, interests, and knowledge level, and tailor the speech accordingly.
3. Creativity: The speech should be creative and engaging, with a unique and memorable message.
4. Organization: The speech should be well-organized and structured, with a clear beginning, middle, and end.
5. Emotion: The speech should appeal to the audience’s emotions and create a connection with them.
6. Delivery: The speech writer must consider the speaker’s delivery style and incorporate pauses, gestures, and other techniques to enhance the presentation

The basic types of speeches are: 

1. Address of welcome
2. Farewell Address/Speech 
3. A Talk on any Topic

While those are common types of speeches, there are several other basic types of speeches that are commonly given in various settings. Here are some additional examples:

1. Informative Speech: This type of speech is intended to provide the audience with new information or to educate them on a particular topic.
2. Persuasive Speech: This type of speech is intended to persuade the audience to adopt a certain viewpoint or to take a specific action.
3. Commemorative Speech: This type of speech is delivered on a special occasion, such as a graduation or a funeral, to honor or commemorate an individual or group.
4. Motivational Speech: This type of speech is intended to inspire and motivate the audience to take action, achieve their goals, or overcome obstacles.
5. Entertaining Speech: This type of speech is intended to amuse or entertain the audience, often through humor or storytelling.
6. Impromptu Speech: This type of speech is delivered without prior preparation, often in response to a question or situation.
7. Debate Speech: This type of speech is delivered as part of a formal debate, in which two or more speakers argue opposing viewpoints on a particular topic.
8. Panel Discussion Speech: This type of speech is delivered as part of a group discussion, in which multiple speakers provide their opinions and insights on a particular topic.
9. Keynote Speech: This type of speech is delivered at the beginning of a conference or event, often by a notable or influential individual, to set the tone and provide context for the event

Features 

The title/topic follows this pattern: 

A FAREWELL SPEECH DELIVERED BY MR JAMES BOND, THE VICE PRINCIPAL OF EDU DELIGHT TUTORS SCHOOLS , ON THE SEND OFF CEREMONY OF THE DEAN, MRS EMILY SALT AT THE CONFERENCE HALL ON THE 20TH OF JUNE, 2020 AT 10:00AM.

1. The dignitaries in attendance are greeted or saluted in their order of hierarchy/status/prominence. E.g. TheProprietor, The Principal, The PTA Chairman, Parents, Members of Staff, Students, Ladies and Gentleman.
2. Appreciate the privilege to address the gathering 
3. Logically discuss your points one after the other. 
4. Describe your impression of the event or person in question. 
5. Discuss its impact on the community/society 
6. Challenge your audience to positive actions.
7. Wish them well to their destinations.
8. Use formal language with occasional humour. 

Dear colleagues, staff, and students of Edu Delight Tutors Schools,

I am honored to stand before you today to deliver a farewell speech on this special occasion of the send-off ceremony for our esteemed Dean, Mrs. Emily Salt. It is with a heavy heart that we bid farewell to Mrs. Salt as she leaves our school to pursue new endeavors.

Mrs. Salt has been an integral part of this school for the past 10 years, and her contributions and impact will always be remembered. Her dedication, passion, and hard work have been a source of inspiration to us all. She has been an excellent leader, mentor, and friend to both students and staff, and we will miss her dearly.

During her tenure as the Dean, Mrs. Salt has played a significant role in the growth and development of our school. She has implemented several programs and initiatives that have contributed to the success of our students and the overall improvement of the school. Her leadership has been a driving force for positive change, and her efforts will be felt for years to come.

As she leaves our school, we want to express our heartfelt appreciation for all that she has done for us. Her legacy will continue to inspire us, and we will strive to continue the work she has started. We wish her all the best in her future endeavors, and we know that she will excel wherever she goes.

Finally, let me say that it has been an honor and a privilege to work with Mrs. Salt, and we will always remember her as an outstanding Dean, leader, and friend. We will miss her dearly, but we take comfort in the fact that we have all been enriched by her presence in our lives.

Thank you, Mrs. Salt, for everything you have done for us. We wish you all the best in your future endeavors.

Thank you, everyone, for your attention, and may we all continue to work together towards the greater good of Edu Delight Tutors Schools.

EVALUATION

Write a farewell speech for an important retiring member of staff in your school. 

 

READING ASSIGNMENT

Ppg. 37 – 39 Countdown English 

 

GENERAL EVALUATION

1. List the types of conditional clauses you known with examples 
2. Write out ten subordinate clauses with different clause markers. 

 

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT

SECTION A

Use phonetic symbols correctly: “Perfecting Phonetic Symbols: Tips and Practice Examples”

Choose the option that contains the given phonetic symbol.

1. /ә/ (a) mint (b) kept     (c) sent   (d) doctor 
2. /b/ (a) debt (b) doubt     (c) grab   (d) lamb
3. /з:/ (a) Count (b) fallacy       (c) shut   (d) courtesy
4. /u/ (a) look (b) good     (c) stood   (d) mood
5. /I/ (a) package (b) accede       (c) women     (d) decent

Answer

/ә/ (a) mint (b) kept (c) sent (d) doctor – (a) mint

/b/ (a) debt (b) doubt (c) grab (d) lamb – (c) grab

/з:/ (a) Count (b) fallacy (c) shut (d) courtesy – (a) Count

/u/ (a) look (b) good (c) stood (d) mood – (b) good

/I/ (a) package (b) accede (c) women (d) decent – (d) decent

Phonetic symbols are used to represent the sounds of words in a language. They are important for language learners and linguists as they allow us to distinguish between different sounds in a language.

/ә/ is a vowel sound that is pronounced as a short “uh” sound. An example of a word that contains this sound is “mint.”

/b/ is a consonant sound that is pronounced by using both lips to stop the airflow and then releasing it. An example of a word that contains this sound is “grab.”

/з:/ is a consonant sound that is pronounced by vibrating the vocal cords while allowing the air to flow through the mouth. An example of a word that contains this sound is “Count.”

/u/ is a vowel sound that is pronounced by rounding the lips and raising the back of the tongue towards the roof of the mouth. An example of a word that contains this sound is “good.”

/I/ is a vowel sound that is pronounced by raising the front of the tongue towards the roof of the mouth. An example of a word that contains this sound is “decent.”

It is important for language learners to practice and become familiar with the different phonetic symbols so that they can accurately pronounce words in the target language

Evaluation

1. Which of the following words is represented by the phonetic symbol /ә/? (a) mint (b) kept (c) sent (d) doctor
2. Which of the following words is represented by the phonetic symbol /b/? (a) debt (b) doubt (c) grab (d) lamb
3. Which of the following words is represented by the phonetic symbol /з:/? (a) Count (b) fallacy (c) shut (d) courtesy
4. Which of the following words is represented by the phonetic symbol /u/? (a) look (b) good (c) stood (d) mood
5. Which of the following words is represented by the phonetic symbol /I/? (a) package (b) accede (c) women (d) decent
6. Which of the following words is represented by the phonetic symbol /æ/? (a) cat (b) bed (c) goat (d) shoe
7. Which of the following words is represented by the phonetic symbol /ɔ:/? (a) law (b) door (c) thought (d) caught
8. Which of the following words is represented by the phonetic symbol /p/? (a) pen (b) saw (c) top (d) vase
9. Which of the following words is represented by the phonetic symbol /tʃ/? (a) cheap (b) shoe (c) goat (d) think
10. Which of the following words is represented by the phonetic symbol /θ/? (a) thin (b) those (c) bath (d) think

SECTION B

Do practice 2 page 111-112.

Lesson Presentation

Lesson Plan Presentation

Topic: Language and Communication Skills

Grade level: SS 2

Time: 60 minutes

Objectives:

• To understand the basic concepts and types of conditional sentences
• To be able to identify and use complex sentences correctly
• To learn vocabulary words associated with publishing
• To understand the features and types of speeches
• To identify and use phonetic symbols correctly

Materials:

• Whiteboard and markers
• Handouts on conditional sentences, complex sentences, publishing vocabulary, speech writing, and phonetic symbols
• Projector and screen

Procedure:

Introduction (5 minutes):

• Greet the students and introduce the topic for the day
• Explain the importance of language and communication skills

Teaching/Learning Activities (40 minutes):

• Present and discuss the concepts and types of conditional sentences using examples
• Introduce complex sentences and explain the importance of sentence structure in effective communication
• Present vocabulary words associated with publishing and their meanings
• Discuss the features and types of speeches, giving examples and their purpose
• Introduce phonetic symbols and explain their importance in proper pronunciation
• Use the handouts and whiteboard to facilitate the learning process

Assessment (10 minutes):

• Administer a quiz consisting of the ten multi-choice questions on the topics covered
• Evaluate students’ understanding of the concepts discussed

Conclusion (5 minutes):

• Summarize the key points covered in the lesson
• Encourage students to practice using the concepts and vocabulary words in their daily communication

Homework:

• Assign students to write a complex sentence using a conditional clause and identify the type of speech of a video they watch, including the features present.

Note:

• The lesson plan presentation can be modified to suit the class size, time available, and teaching methodology.

Weekly Assessment / Test

1. Which of the following is not a type of conditional sentence? (a) Zero conditional (b) First conditional (c) Second conditional (d) Third conditional
2. A complex sentence consists of: (a) One independent clause only (b) One independent clause and one dependent clause (c) Two independent clauses (d) Two dependent clauses
3. Which of the following is a synonym for “manuscript”? (a) Draft (b) Editor (c) Index (d) Headline
4. A speech delivered to welcome guests is called: (a) Farewell speech (b) Acceptance speech (c) Speech of introduction (d) Motivational speech
5. Which of the following phonetic symbols represents the vowel sound in “bath”? (a) /æ/ (b) /ɔ:/ (c) /ʌ/ (d) /e/
6. Which type of conditional sentence is used to talk about a hypothetical situation in the present or future? (a) Zero conditional (b) First conditional (c) Second conditional (d) Third conditional
7. A complex sentence is denoted by: (a) M1, S1 (b) M1, M2 (c) S1, S2 (d) M1, S1, S2
8. Which of the following is a synonym for “publisher”? (a) Author (b) Agent (c) Printer (d) Distributor
9. Which type of speech is delivered to express gratitude or say goodbye? (a) Acceptance speech (b) Farewell speech (c) Speech of introduction (d) Motivational speech
10. Which of the following phonetic symbols represents the vowel sound in “sit”? (a) /aɪ/ (b) /i/ (c) /ɪ/ (d) /u/
11. A conditional sentence expresses a __________.
12. There are _____ types of conditional sentences.
13. If I see her, I ___________ her.
14. She will pass the exam if she ___________ hard.
15. Complex sentences consist of a main clause and one or more __________ clauses.
16. When writing a complex sentence, it is advisable to write the dependent clause _______ the main clause.
17. __________ is the process of preparing written works for publication.
18. The __________ is responsible for overseeing the publication of a book or magazine.
19. A __________ speech is a type of speech given to express appreciation and gratitude to an individual or group leaving an organization or a community.
20. The symbol /ə/ represents the __________ sound in English.
21. State the basic definition of conditional sentences and give an example for each of the three types.
22. Explain what a complex sentence is and provide at least two examples.
23. Name five vocabulary words associated with publishing and define each of them.
24. What are the three basic types of speeches and briefly describe each of them?
25. Give three features of a good speech and explain why they are important.
26. Write down the phonetic symbol for the vowel sound in the word “stood”.
27. Give an example sentence containing a relative clause.
28. Explain the difference between active and passive voice and give an example of each.
29. What is the importance of using proper punctuation in writing and give three examples of commonly used punctuation marks.
30. Write a short paragraph explaining the importance of having good language and communication skills in today’s world.