Basic Concepts In Education
1. Concepts in Education:
(i) Initiation: Initiation in education refers to the initial stage of introducing students to a new subject or concept. It involves sparking their interest and curiosity. For example, in a science class, a teacher may initiate a lesson on the solar system by showing pictures of planets to engage students’ curiosity.
(ii) Training: Training involves teaching specific skills and knowledge to help students acquire practical abilities. It often includes hands-on practice and is common in vocational education, where students learn skills like welding or plumbing through training.
(iii) Drilling: Drilling is a teaching method where students repeatedly practice a skill or concept until it becomes ingrained. This repetition aids in reinforcing learning. For instance, in a language class, students might drill verb conjugations to improve fluency.
(iv) Instruction: Instruction is the process of conveying information or knowledge to students in an organized manner. It includes explanations, demonstrations, and guidance to help students understand a particular subject. For example, in mathematics, a teacher provides instruction on solving equations step by step.
(v) Indoctrination: Indoctrination refers to teaching specific beliefs or ideologies with the intent of influencing students’ thinking in a particular direction. It may limit critical thinking as it often promotes a singular viewpoint, which can be controversial, especially in topics like politics or religion
2. Distinguishing Reward and Punishment:
(a) Distinguishing Reward and Punishment:
- Reward: It involves offering something positive or desirable as a consequence of behavior to encourage its repetition. For example, giving praise or extra free time for completing assignments.
- Punishment: It involves applying something negative or undesirable as a consequence of behavior to discourage its repetition. For instance, giving detention or taking away privileges for misbehavior.
(b) Principles underlying rewards:
A. Inclusivity: Rewards should be attainable by all students, not limited to only the brightest. They should recognize progress, not just exceptional performance.
B. Affordability: Rewards should not be expensive and could include simple school materials like exercise books, pencils, or pens.
C. Moderation: Rewards should not be given too frequently or be excessive, as this can diminish their value. Infrequent, meaningful rewards are more effective.
D. Effort-based: Rewards should recognize commendable effort, not just natural academic ability.
(c) Three Broad Categories of Punishment:
A. Verbal Interaction Punishments: These involve verbal responses to misbehavior, such as serious advice, conferences with parents, class scolding, or reprimands.
B. Deprivation Punishments: These involve taking away privileges or imposing consequences, such as loss of marks, temporary suspension from responsibilities in class, sending a student out of the class, detention, or assigning additional tasks as a form of penalty.
C. Physical Punishments: Though not explicitly mentioned, physical punishment can be considered a category, but it’s important to note that it’s widely discouraged and, in many places, illegal. It includes actions like corporal punishment, which involves physical discomfort or pain
[mediator_tech]
Evaluation
1. Initiation in education is about __________ students to new concepts.
a) Teaching
b) Introducing
c) Testing
d) Ignoring
2. Training involves teaching __________ skills and knowledge.
a) General
b) Specific
c) Abstract
d) Theoretical
3. Drilling helps students __________ a skill through repetition.
a) Forget
b) Reinforce
c) Ignore
d) Change
4. Instruction includes explanations, __________, and guidance.
a) Evaluation
b) Excitement
c) Demonstrations
d) Decoration
5. Indoctrination may limit students’ __________ thinking.
a) Critical
b) Creative
c) Curious
d) Cautious
6. Rewards are given to __________ desired behavior.
a) Encourage
b) Punish
c) Ignore
d) Confuse
7. Punishments aim to __________ undesirable behavior.
a) Encourage
b) Promote
c) Discourage
d) Reward
8. Rewards should be __________ by all students.
a) Achievable
b) Hidden
c) Complex
d) Unattainable
9. Affordable rewards prevent them from being too __________.
a) Numerous
b) Expensive
c) Frequent
d) Boring
10. Moderation in rewards means not giving them __________.
a) Seldom
b) Too often
c) Creatively
d) Loudly
11. Rewards should recognize students’ __________ efforts.
a) Natural
b) Undesirable
c) Commendable
d) Unnoticed
12. Verbal interaction punishments include serious __________.
a) Advice
b) Praise
c) Rewards
d) Laughter
13. Deprivation punishments can include sending a student __________.
a) On a vacation
b) Out of class
c) To the library
d) To the playground
14. Physical punishments, like __________, are widely discouraged.
a) Homework
b) Detention
c) Corporal punishment
d) Group projects
15. Indoctrination may aim to influence students’ __________.
a) Age
b) Gender
c) Thinking
d) Height
What is Discovery Method of Teaching
Explain the following concepts as related to Education
