Mastering Stock Valuation in Business Bookkeeping SS 1 First Term Lesson Notes Week 3

Subject: Bookkeeping
Class: SS1
Term: First Term
Week: 3
Age: 14-16 years
Topic: Stock Valuation
Sub-topic: Definition of Stock Valuation and Purpose of Stock Valuation
Duration: 40 minutes

Behavioural Objectives

By the end of the lesson, students should be able to:

1. Define stock valuation.
2. Explain the purpose of stock valuation in businesses.
3. Identify and describe various methods used for stock valuation.

Keywords

• Stock
• Valuation
• Inventory
• Assets
• Methods

Set Induction

Ask students if they know what it means to keep an inventory or stock, especially in a business setting. Engage them in a discussion about why businesses would need to assess the value of their stock.

Entry Behaviour

Students have basic knowledge of business and inventory management from previous topics.

Learning Resources and Materials

• Charts showing stock valuation methods
• Sample inventory sheets
• Case studies of businesses with different stock valuation methods

Building Background / Connection to Prior Knowledge

Connect to the previous lesson on the importance of bookkeeping, explaining that stock valuation is an essential aspect that helps businesses in financial assessment.

Embedded Core Skills

• Critical Thinking
• Financial Literacy
• Problem-Solving

Learning Materials

• Textbooks
• Inventory valuation charts
• Case examples of inventory valuation in companies

Reference Books

Lagos State Scheme of Work, Senior Secondary Bookkeeping Textbooks

Instructional Materials

• Whiteboard and markers
• Valuation method charts
• Sample business inventory reports

Content

1. Definition of Stock Valuation
Stock valuation is the process of determining the current value of a business’s inventory or stock. This valuation helps businesses understand the worth of their goods on hand, which is essential for financial reporting and planning.

Key Points:

• Inventory Assessment: Helps assess the cost and value of stock.
• Business Health Indicator: Stock valuation can indicate how well a business manages its inventory.
• Decision-Making Tool: Provides data for budgeting, pricing, and other financial decisions.

2. Purpose of Stock Valuation
The primary purpose of stock valuation is to help a business determine the financial value of its goods, which aids in accurate financial reporting and informed decision-making. Key purposes include:

• Financial Reporting: Stock valuation affects the balance sheet and income statement.
• Profit Determination: Helps calculate the cost of goods sold (COGS), impacting profit.
• Pricing Decisions: Provides insights for setting product prices.
• Inventory Management: Helps businesses manage stock efficiently.
• Tax Compliance: Accurate valuation is required for tax purposes.

3. Methods of Stock Valuation
There are different methods of stock valuation, including:

• First In, First Out (FIFO): Assumes the first items purchased are the first sold.
• Last In, First Out (LIFO): Assumes the last items purchased are the first sold.
• Weighted Average Cost: Uses the average cost of all items to determine value.
• Specific Identification: Values each item in stock based on its specific cost.

Examples of Stock Valuation

1. FIFO method used in grocery stores to sell older items first.
2. LIFO method in industries where prices fluctuate frequently.
3. Weighted Average Cost method in manufacturing companies.
4. Specific Identification in high-value items like cars or jewelry.

Evaluation: 15 Fill-in-the-Blank Questions with Options

1. Stock valuation determines the ____ of a business’s inventory.
   • a) Age
   • b) Value
   • c) Size
   • d) Location
2. One purpose of stock valuation is ____.
   • a) Financial reporting
   • b) Event planning
   • c) Painting
   • d) Traveling
3. The ____ method assumes the first items purchased are the first sold.
   • a) FIFO
   • b) LIFO
   • c) WAVE
   • d) STEAM
4. Businesses use stock valuation to help with ____.
   • a) Pricing decisions
   • b) Running marathons
   • c) Building houses
   • d) Hosting parties
5. FIFO stands for ____.
   • a) First In, First Out
   • b) Final In, Final Out
   • c) First In, Forever Out
   • d) Fast In, Fast Out
6. LIFO is useful when ____ frequently changes.
   • a) Stock quality
   • b) Stock price
   • c) Company logo
   • d) Staff uniforms
7. The ____ method uses the average cost of all items in stock.
   • a) FIFO
   • b) LIFO
   • c) Weighted Average Cost
   • d) Minimum
8. Inventory valuation affects the ____.
   • a) Balance sheet
   • b) Weather forecast
   • c) Office hours
   • d) Annual party
9. Stock valuation helps determine the ____.
   • a) Size of office space
   • b) Cost of goods sold
   • c) Number of staff
   • d) Type of food
10. Tax authorities require ____ stock valuation.
    • a) Accurate
    • b) Minimal
    • c) Outdated
    • d) Costly
11. Specific identification is used for items with ____.
    • a) Low value
    • b) Identifiable cost
    • c) Unknown age
    • d) Excess weight
12. One method used in stock valuation is ____.
    • a) LIFO
    • b) LIMBO
    • c) LEGO
    • d) LOCKO
13. Stock valuation affects the ____.
    • a) Income statement
    • b) Sports events
    • c) Music playlist
    • d) Art gallery
14. Weighted Average Cost is useful for ____.
    • a) Calculating average cost of inventory
    • b) Finalizing employee promotions
    • c) Assessing staff skills
    • d) Organizing furniture
15. Inventory management is improved with accurate ____.
    • a) Stock valuation
    • b) Event planning
    • c) Office layout
    • d) Dress code

Class Activity Discussion: 15 FAQs with Answers

1. What is stock valuation?
   • It’s the process of determining the value of a business’s inventory.
2. Why is stock valuation important for businesses?
   • It helps in financial reporting and decision-making.
3. What does FIFO stand for?
   • First In, First Out.
4. How does the FIFO method work?
   • It assumes the first items purchased are sold first.
5. What does LIFO stand for?
   • Last In, First Out.
6. When would a business use the LIFO method?
   • When stock prices fluctuate frequently.
7. What is the Weighted Average Cost method?
   • It calculates the average cost of all stock items for valuation.
8. What is specific identification used for?
   • It’s used for high-value items with identifiable costs.
9. How does stock valuation affect the income statement?
   • It helps determine the cost of goods sold, impacting profit.
10. What type of businesses might use the FIFO method?
    • Businesses with perishable goods like grocery stores.
11. How does stock valuation assist with tax compliance?
    • It provides accurate records needed for tax reporting.
12. What role does stock valuation play in inventory management?
    • It helps keep track of stock and assess financial worth.
13. Why might an investor be interested in stock valuation?
    • It provides insight into a company’s financial health.
14. How does stock valuation affect decision-making?
    • It gives information needed for pricing and purchasing.
15. Can stock valuation methods differ between businesses?
    • Yes, different industries may use different methods.

Presentation

Step 1: Revision of Previous Topic

• Briefly review the previous topic on the importance of bookkeeping.

Step 2: Introduction of New Topic

• Introduce stock valuation, define it, and explain its purpose.

Step 3: Student Contributions and Teacher Corrections

• Encourage students to share ideas on why stock valuation might be important. Provide correct explanations and examples as needed.

Activities

• Teacher’s Activities: Explain stock valuation, its purpose, and the methods used. Provide examples for each method and discuss the importance in financial reporting.
• Learner’s Activities: Participate in discussions, ask questions, and note down important concepts.

Assessment: 10 Evaluation Questions

1. Define stock valuation in your own words.
2. Why is stock valuation essential for businesses?
3. What does the FIFO method assume?
4. When would a business use the LIFO method?
5. Explain the weighted average cost method of stock valuation.
6. What is specific identification used for?
7. Name one purpose of stock valuation.
8. How does stock valuation impact financial reporting?
9. Give an example of a business that might use FIFO.
10. Why is tax compliance dependent on accurate stock valuation?

Conclusion

The teacher goes around to check students’ answers, offers feedback, and provides clarification as needed.