SS 2 Financial Accounting Third Term Lesson Notes
THIRD TERM E-LEARNING NOTE
SUBJECT: FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING CLASS: SS2
SCHEME OF WORK
WEEK TOPICS
1-3 Single Entry and Incomplete Records
4-5 Control Accounts
6-8 Accounts of Non-Profit-Making Organizations
9 Joint Venture Accounts
10 Consignment Accounts
WEEK ONE
[mediator_tech]
TOPIC: SINGLE ENTRY AND INCOMPLETE RECORDS
CONTENT: (i) Introduction (ii) Steps Involved in preparing a P&L A/C and Balance Sheet from Incomplete Records (iii) Example
i. INTRODUCTION:
Most businesses keep records of receipts and payments. The records may consist of bank paying – in – book counterfoils, cheque book counterfoils and bank statements in addition to supplies invoices and copies of sales invoices. From these records it may be possible to prepare a P&L A/C and Balance Sheet.
ii STEPS INVOLVED IN PREPARING A P&L A/C AND BALANCE SHEET FROM INCOMPLETE RECORDS;- The necessary steps are as follows:-
Step 1: Preparing an opening statement of affairs (so as to obtain opening capital)
Step 2: Prepare a receipt and payments A/C
Step 3: Prepare control A/CS for debtors and creditors, if necessary to calculate sales and purchases. It is the sales and purchase figure that will be required to make the account balance.
Step 4: Adjust the receipts and payments accounts prepayments and accruals at beginning and end of the period.
Step 5: Calculate provisions for doubtful debts, depreciation and any other matters not mentioned above.
Step 6: Prepare the P&L A/C and Balance Sheet from the information now available
Example:
The only record that Azim has kept for his business are bank pay-in-book, counterfoils, cheque book counterfoils and records of debtors and creditors. With these it is possible to summarize his transactions with the bank in the year ended 31/12/03 as follows taking paid into the bank: N8000
Cheques drawn: Payment to suppliers N2430, rent N600, electricity N320, postage and stationeries N80, purchase of shop fittings N480, cheques drawn for personal expenses N2700.
Azim banked all his taking after paying the following in cash:-
Creditor for supplies N400 and sundry expenses N115.
Azim estimated his assets and liabilities at 1st January, 2003 to be: shop fittings N1600. Stock N1960, debtors N240 rent prepaid N80. Bank balance N1500, cash in hand N 50, creditors for goods N420; electricity owing N130.
At 31st December, 2003 Azim listed his assets and liabilities as follows. Shop fittings N1800; stock N1520; debtors N380 rent repaired N50; bank balance N2640; cash in hand N 50; creditors for goods N390; electricity owing N225.
Required prepar Azim’s profit and loss accounts for the year ended 31 December, 2003 and his Balance Sheet at that date.
Solution:
Step 1: Opening statement of Affairs
N N
Assets
Shop fittings 1600
Stock 1960
Debtors 240
Rent prepaid 80
Bank 1500
Cash in hand 50
5,430
Less Liabilities
Creditors for goods 420
Electricity owing 130 550
CAPITAL AT 1ST JAN. 2003 4,880
Step 2: Receipts and payments Account. This includes only those amounts actually received and spent. It is a cash book summary with columns for cash and bank.
Cash Bank Cash Bank
N N N N
1/1/03 Balance b/f 50 1500 Trade
Takings Creditors 400 2430
(8000+460+115) 8515 Rent 600
Cash 8000 Electricity 320
Postage and
Stationery 80
Shop fittings 480
Sundry Exps. 115
*Drawings
(2700+250) 2,950
Bank C 8,000
Balance c/d 50 2640
8565 9500 8565 9,500
*N250 is money not accounted for and is treated as Azim’s drawing.
Step 3: Debtors and creditors controls accounts
Debtors Control A/C Creditors Control A/C
N N N N
1/1/03 Bal b/f 240 31/12/03 Cash 8515
Bal b/f N380 31/12 Bank1/1/03 Bal b/f 420
Sales (2) 8655 and Cash 2830 Purchase(3) 2800
8895 8895 Bal b/f 390
3220 3220
Steps 4: Adjustment for Prepayment and Accounts
Rent A/C N Electricity A/C
N N N
Prepaid Cash 320 1/1/03
At 31/12/03 50 Owing Accrued b/f 130
1/1/03 P&L ac 31/12/03 225 P&L A/C 415
Prepaid b/f 80 (payable for) 545 545
Cash 600 the year 630
680 680
N
Steps 5: Calculate depreciation of shop fitting: Shop fittings at valuation 1/1/03 1600
Add fittings purchased in the year 480
2080
Shop fittings at valuation 31/12/03 1800
Therefore Depreciation for the year = 280
Step 6: AZIM
Trading and profit and loss accounts for the year
Ended 31 December 2003
N N
Sales 8655
Less cost of sales
Stock at 1st Jan 1960
Add Purchases 2800
Less closing stock 4700
Less stock at 31/12 1520 3240
Gross Profit 5415
Less: EXPENSES
Rent 630
Electricity 415
Postage and stationery 80
Sundry expenses 115
Depreciation – shop fitting 280 1520
NET PROFIT 3,895
Balance sheet at 31st December, 2008
$ $ $
Fixed assets: shop fitting 1800
CURRENT ASSETS
Stock 1520
Trade debtors 380
Rent prepaid 50
Bank 2640
Cash 50
4640
LESS CURRENT LIABILITIES
Trade creditors 390
Electricity owing 229 615 4025
5825
Capital at 1st Jan. 4880
Profit for the year 3895
8775
Less drawings 2925
5825
EVALUATION QUESTIONS
1. What is the purpose of the opening statement of affairs in complete records?
2. What is the debtors control account prepared to reveal?
READING ASSIGNMENT
1. Essential Financial Accounting by O.A. Longe Page 371 – 384
2. Accounting by Harold Randall Page 279 – 290
WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
Debtors control account reveals (a) debtors (b) creditors (c) cash received (d)sales
In incomplete records creditors control account is prepared to reveal (a) sundry creditors (b) purchases (c) cash paid to creditors (d) discount received
In adjustment accounts prepaid rent A/C should have _______ balance (a) credit (b) Debit (c) both debit and credit (d) either debit or credits
In adjusting for final account, accrued wages should have ______ balance (a) debit (b) credit (c) debit and credit (d) debit or credit
Calculation of provisions for doubtful debts, depreciation, etc is done in step ____ in other to prepare P&L a/c and balance sheet from incomplete records (a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 5 (d) 6
Theory
1. List and explain the six steps necessary to prepare a P&L a/c and balance sheet from incomplete records.
2. Prepare debtors and creditors control accounts formats and highlight what each of them reveals.
GENERAL EVALUATION QUESTIONS
State three characteristics of single entry accounting system
List four disadvantages of single entry accounting system
List five steps of converting single entry accounting system to double entry system
Explain five differences between a trial balance and a balance sheet
State eight items that will cause a disagreement between the Cash Book balance and the Bank Statement balance
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WEEK FOUR
TOPIC:- CONTROL ACCOUNT
i. Definition of Control Accounts
ii. Advantages of Control Accounts
iii. Division of control and their format
Note
Control accounts is the extraction of trial balance from individual ledger account of a large organization. Generally speaking, large organizations prepare different types of ledger accounts, but error might occur when preparing these ledgers. To locate the error easily individual trial balance need to be opened for each ledger account, anyone that fails to agree indicates that there are errors. Control account is an easy way to locate errors from ledger account. Control account is also called self balancing ledge.
ADVANTAGES OF CONTROL ACCOUNT
It helps in locating errors
It saves time
It can be used to detect missing figures
Fraud becomes difficult when control accounts are prepared
It is used to check accuracy of balance of the ledgers
The total debtors and creditors can be easily calculated.
Division of control accounts
Basically control accounts is divided into two: Sales Ledger Control Account and Purchases Ledger Control Accounts.
Sales Ledger Control Account: This account recorded all account debtors control account.
Purchases Ledger Control Account: This account recorded all account of creditor. It is also called Total Creditors Control account.
EVALUATION
1. What is a control account?
2. List four advantages of control account.
Format
Sales Ledger Control Account
N N
1990 Jan Balance b/f X 1990 Jan. Cash from customers X Credits sales X Cheque from customers X
Debit note issued X Returns inward X
Interest charged X Bad debts X
Dishonour cheque X Discount allowed X
Discount disallowed X Credit notes issued X
Carriage outwards X Bills Receivable X
Set offs X
Balance c/d X
X X
Purchase Ledger Control Account
N N
1990 Jan. Cash to supplier X 1990 Jan. Balance b/f X
Cheque to suppliers X Credit purchases X
Returns outwards X Discount received withdrawn received X
Credit notes received X Cash refunds X
Discounts received X
Set offs X
Bills payable X
Balance c/d X X
XX XX
Note: The closing balance of sale ledger control account represents debtors which will appear in balance sheet under current assets. While closing balance of purchase ledger control account represents creditors which will appear in balance under current liability.
Evaluation
Define the term control account and mention two divisions of control account.
Mention five advantages of control account.
Reading Assignment
Essential Financial Accounting by O.A. Longe 187-189
GENERAL EVALUATION QUESTIONS
1 List seven types of errors a trial balance will not reveal
2 Explain the term apportionment in departmental accounts
3 List six uses of control account
4 Explain the components of prime cost
5 List five items found in the total creditors control account
WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
Another name for control account is (a) sale ledger (b) purchase ledger (c) self balancing ledger (d) general ledger.
Used the information and options provided, Under it to answer question
2-5
Credit Sales
Discount received
Return Outward
Credit Purchase
The above items are recorded under
(a) Purchase ledger control account
(b) General ledger control account
(c) Proper Journal Control account
(d) Sales Ledger Control account
SECTION B
Draw up the typical format of
(1) Total debtors control account
(2) Total creditors control account
WEEK FIVE
[mediator_tech]
TOPIC: CONTROL ACCOUNT
Illustration: The following balance were extracted from the books of Olotun Enterprises on 30th October, 1993 N
Purchase 1993 7,532
Purchase ledger 1/10/93 7,948
Sales ledger 1/10/93 90,454
Sales day book 77,530
Returns outwards 3,960
Returns inwards 14,180
Cheque received from customers 56,680
Cheque paid to suppliers 61,860
Cash overpaid to supplier 240
Discount allowed 3,774
Discount received 2,678
Credit notes received 280
Debit notes issue 530
prepare
(a) Sales ledger control account
(b) Purchase ledger control account
EVALUATION
1. Draw up the format of Sales Ledger Control Account with ten items.
2. Draw up the format of Purchases Ledger Control Account with twelve items.
Sales Ledger Control Account
N N
1993 Oct. Balance b/f 7,948 1993 Oct. Return inwards 14,180
Sales 77,530 Cheques received from customers 56,680
Debit notes issued 530 Discount allowed 3,774
Balance c/d 11,374
86,008 86,008
Purchase Ledger Control Account N N
1993 Oct.Returns Outwards 3,960 1993 Oct. Balance b/f 7,532 Cheques paid to supply 61,860 Purchases 90,454 Credit note received 280 Cash over paid 240
Discount received 2,678
Balance c/d 29,448
98,226 98,226
EVALUATION QUESTION
Explain what is meant by the following (a) Total debtors control account (b) Total creditors control account.
State three reasons for preparing Control Accounts.
READING ASSIGNMENT
Essential Financial Accounting by O.A. Longe Page 188-191
GENERAL EVALUATION QUESTIONS
1 What is a petty cash book?
2 Explain the imprest system as used in petty cash accounting
3 State four advantages of operating a petty cash system
4 State two reasons for separating capital expenditure from revenue
expenditure
5 Explain two factors which must be considered in determining whether any
particular item is capital or revenue expenditure
WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
Use the following information and options provided under it to answer question 1-5
Bill receivable
Bill payable
Dishonour Cheque
Credit notes issued
Credits notes received
The above items are recorded under
(a) General ledger control account
(b) Purchase Control account
(c) Proper Journal Control account
(d) Sales ledger control account
SECTION B
The following were extracted from Abiona enterprises on 1st January, 1980
Purchase ledger balance: Debit N 570
Credit N13,252
Sales ledger balance: Debit N12,520
Credit N221
Totals for the year: N
Purchase Journal 170,198
Sales Journal 224,608
Return Inward 5,002
Return Outward Journal 3,123
Cheques Paid to suppliers 146,800
Cheques received from customers 189,120
Provision for bad debts 7,000
Cash received from customers 5,000
Discount allowed 6,112
Discount received 3,300
Cash sales 4,500
Cash paid to suppliers 550
Bad debt written off 399
Customers cheque dishonoured 419
Ayo was both debtor and creditor by N725 and N550 respectively. Set this off in the account.
Prepare:- (a) Sale ledger control account
(b) Purchase ledger control account
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WEEK SIX
TOPIC: ACCOUNTS OF NON-PROFIT – MAKING ORGANIZATIONS
WHAT ARE NON-PROFIT MAKING ORGANIZATIONS?
Non-profit-making organizations exist to provide services for their members. Example are. Sports and social clubs, dramatic societies, music clubs, etc.
Making a profit is not their main purpose, although many carry on fund – raising activities to provide more or more services for the members. The organization is owned by all its members and not by just one person or a few of the members.
Records of money received and spent are usually kept by a member who is not a trained bookkeeper or accountant. Besides, these records of money received and spent, usually no other records are kept. Because of this his topics is an extension of incomplete records treated in the previous weeks.
SPECIAL FEATURES OF THE ACCOUNTS OF NON-PROFIT MAKING ORGANIZATIONS
An Income and Expenditure Account takes the place of the profit and loss Account (2). The words Surplus of Income Over Expenditure are used in place of Net profit. (3). The works Excess of Expenditure Over Income are used in place of net loss. (4). The term Accumulated Fund is used in place of capital Account. (5). A trading Account is only prepared for an activity that is in the nature of trading and carried on to increase the club’s funds.
THE TREATMENT OF INCOME:
Income of a club should be treated in the club’s accounts as follows:-
SUBSCRIPTIONS
The amount credited to the income and Expenditure Account should equal the annual subscription per member multiplied by the number of members. It may be helpful to prepare a subscriptions account as workings to decide how much should be credited to the Income and Expenditure Account Subscriptions in Arrears and subscriptions is advance should normally be treated as accruals and prepayments. However, each club has its own policy for treating subscriptions in arrears or in advance. The two possible policies are as follows:-
(i) Cash basis: The amount actually received in the year is credited to income and Expenditure Account. This may include subscription for a previous year or paid in advance for the next year.
(ii) Accrual Basis:- All subscription due for the year including those not yet received are credited to the income and expenditure Account it will usually be the Club’s policy to write off as bad debts, subscriptions that are not received the year after they were due.
Life subscription and entry fees
Life subscription and entry fees are received as lump sums but should not be credited in full to the income and expenditure Account when received. The club should have a policy of spreading it his income over a period of say, five years. The amount received should be credited to a deferred Income account and credited to income and Expenditure Account equal annual installments over a period determined by the club committee
Donations
Donations and legacies to a club are usually made for particular purposes, e.g. towards the cost of a new hall or equipment. Such a donation should be credited to an account opened for the purpose and expenditure on it debited to the account. Money received for special purpose should be placed in a separate bank account to ensure that it is not spent on other things.
Supporting Activities
There are some supporting activities to a club’s main purpose. They raise money to supplement income from subscription. If they involved some sort of trading, a Trading Account should be prepared for them as part of the annual accounts, and the profit or loss should be transferred to the income and expenditure Account.
Non-trading activities, such as social get together, outings and dinner – dances may be dealt with in the income and Expenditure Account with the income and costs being grouped together as follows:-
N N
Annual dinner-dance
Sale of tickets 600
Less: hire of band (100)
Catering and drinks (240)
NET RECEIPTS 260
EVALUATION:
State and explain five special features of the account of non-profit-making organizations.
READING ASSIGNMENT: Financial Accounting with Ease by Onatowokan Oluyombo Page 185-187.
WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
Which of the following is NOT a source of revenue to a non-profits-making organization? (a) Donation (b) Entry fee (c) fine (d) Provision
Subscriptions prepaid is (a) current capital (b) current liabilities (c) fixed asset (d) working capital
Subscription outstanding is (a) current asset (b) current liabilities (c) working capital (d) fixed asset
The capital of a non-profit organization is referred to as (a) Net profit (b) gross profit (c) accumulated fund (d) net deficiency
For a non-profit-making organization the equivalent of a profit and loss account in a profit-making business concern is (a) trading account (b) receipt and payment (c) accumulated fund (d) income and expenditure account
THEORY QUESTION
1. List and explain five special characteristics of the accounts of non-profit-making organizations.
2. Write short notes on:-
(i) Subscriptions prepaid (ii) Subscriptions accrued (iii) donations
GENERAL EVALUATION QUESTIONS
List five methods of providing for depreciation of fixed assets
State five reasons for making provision for depreciation of fixed assets
List eight errors that will affect the agreement of the trial balance
Give five reasons for preparing departmental accounts
List and explain five classifications of the Ledger
WEEK SEVEN AND EIGHT
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TOPIC: PREPARATION OF ACCOUNTS OF NON-PROFIT-MAKING ORGANIZATIONS-PRACTICAL ILLUSTRATION
Example
The star sports and social club provides recreational activities, refreshments and social events for its members. Its assets and liabilities at 31st December, 2003 were as follows
Fixed Assets N
Pavilion 120,000
Club sports equipment 40,000
Motor roller 2,000
Current Assets
Stock of equipment for sale to members 4,000
Annual subscription owing 1,200
Bank balance 6,730
Current liabilities
Creditors for equipment for sale to members 1,300
Annual subscription received in advance 800
Life subscriptions fund 1,750
In the year ended 31st December, 2003 the club’s cash receipts and payments were as follows.
Receipts
Annual subscriptions N18,000
Proceeds from sale of equipment N12,000
Sale of tickets for dinner-dance N4,400. Refreshment and bar takings N2660. Life members subscription N400
Payments
Caretaker’s wages N8,000. Repairs to club equipment N1,700 purchase of club equipment N2000. Equipment for sale to members N4000. Heating and lighting N1800. Food for refreshment bar N1400. Secretary’s expenses N840.
Dinner – dance expenses: – Hire of band N 200 – Catering N 1000
Further information
At 31st December 2004: annual subscriptions in arrears N1400, annual subscriptions received in advance were N900
Stock of equipment for sale to members N200
Creditors of equipment for sale to members N900
A member donated N5000 to a fund to encourage young people to train for sport. This donation was invested in saving bonds.
the club transfers life subscriptions to the income and Expenditure Account in equal installment over five years
Depreciation is to be provided on fixed assets by the reducing – balance method as follows:- pavilion 6%. Sport equipment 20%, motor roller 20%. Required (a) prepare the star sport and social club’s income and Expenditure Account for the year ended 31st December, 2004 (b) prepare the club’s balance sheet as at 31st December, 2004
Solution
Step 1: Prepare an opening statement of affairs. This will give the balance on the Accumulated fund at 1st January 2004 and will be the starting point for recording the transactions during the year.
Statement of affairs as at 31st December, 2003.
Fixed Assets:- N
Pavilion Sport equipment 120,000
Club sports equipment 40,000
Motor roller 20,000
Current Assets
Stock of equipment for sale to members 4,000
Annual subscriptions owing 1,200
Bank balance 6,730
Total Assets 173,930
Current Liabilities
Creditors for equipment for sale to members 1,300
Annual subscription received in advance 800
Life subscription fund 1,700 3,850
Accumulated fund 1st January, 2004 170,080
Step 2:- prepare a receipt and payments Account. This will summarize all the transactions affecting the Income and Expenditure Account and balance sheet and calculate the bank balance at 31st December, 2004.
Receipts and payments account for the year ended 31st December, 2004
N
N
1 Jan.
Balance b/f
6,730
31 Dec. Caretaker’s wages
8000
31 Dec.
Annual subscriptions
18,000
Repair’s club equipment
1,700
Sales of equipment
12,000
Purchase club equipment
2,000
Sales of tickets dinner-dance
4,400
Purchase of equipment for resale
4,000
Takings-refreshment
2,660
Heating and lighting
1,800
Life membership subscriptions
400
Dinner dance hire of band
200
Catering
1000
Food for refreshment bar
14000
Secretary’s expenses
840
Balance c/d
23,250
44,190
44,190
Step 3:- prepare workings to adjust for accruals, prepayments, depreciation and any other items. Show these workings with your answer.
1. Purchase of equipment for resale
N
N
Cash part
4000
Creditors b/f (opening bal.)
1,300
Creditors c/f
900
Income and Exp. a/c
3,600
4,900
4,900
2. Annual subscriptions A/C
N
N
Owing at 1st January
1,200
Prepaid
800
Prepaid at 31st December
900
Cash (R & Payt a/c)
18,000
I & E a/c 9for the up)
18100
Owing at 31st December
1,400
20,200
20,200
3. Life Subscriptions A/C
N
N
I & Exp. A/C (1/5 x 2/50 )
430
B/F
1,700
Balance c/f
1,720
Cash received (i.e. additional)
400
2,150
2,150
4. Club Sport equipment A/C
N
N
Bal b/f
40,000
I & Exp a/c (20% x 4200)
8,400
Cash (addition)
2,000
Bal c/d
33,600
42,000
42,000
Step 4: The income and expenditure A/C and Balance sheet may now be copied out from steps 1, 2 and 3. As the sale of equipment to members is trading, a trading A/C should be prepared even though the question did not ask for it.
If steps 1, 2 and 3 have been carefully carried out, preparing the income & Expenditure A/C and balance sheet is now only copying exercise and can be completed in little time.
Sales of equipment A/C
Sales
N
N
Less: Cost of sales
1,200
Stock 1st January
4000
Purchase (wk. 1)
3,600
7,600
Less closing stock 31/12/04
2000
5,600
Profit on sales of equipment (transferred to income and expenditure account)
6,400
STAR SPORTS AND SOCIAL CLUB
INCOME & EXPENDITURE ACCOUNT FOR THE YOUR ENDED 31/12/04
N
N
N
Annual subscriptions (wks. 2)
18,000
Life subscription (wks. 3)
430
Profit on sale of equipment
6,400
Dinner/dance:-
Sales of ticket
4,400
Less: Hire of band
200
Catering
1,000
1,200
3,200
Refreshment Bar
Takings
2,660
Less: cost of food
1,400
1,260
29,390
Less expenses
Caretaker’s wages
8,000
Repairs to club equipment
1,700
Heating and lighting
1,800
Secretary’s expenses
840
Depreciation: Pavilion (6% x 120,000)
7,200
:Equipment (wks. 4)
8400
: Motor roller (20% x N2000)
400
28,340
SURPLUS OF INCOME OVER EXPENDITURE
1,050
BALANCE SHEET
AS AT 31ST DECEMBER, 2004
N
N
Fixed Assets at net book value
Pavilion
112,800
Club equipment
33,600
Motor roller
1,600
148,000
Current Assets
Stock of equipment for resale to members
2000
Subscription owing
1,400
Bank balance
23,250
26,650
Less current liabilities
Creditors
900
Subscriptions prepaid
900
Life subscriptions (wks. 3)
1,720
3,520
23,130
171130
Presented By:
170080
Accumulated fund at 1/1/04
Add surplus of income over expenditure
1050
171130
Fund to encourage young people to train for sports N5000
Presented by savings fund N5000
Evaluation
Write short note on (a) subscription prepaid (b) subscription accrued
Reading Assignment
Financial accounting with Ease by Onafowokan O., Harold Randall pages 95-98
WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
Life subscription A/C should have a (a) debit balance (b) credit balance (c) neutral balance (d) none of the above
Club sports equipment A/C should have a balance (a) credit (b) debit (c) debit and credit (d) neutral
Sales of a equipment to members is a form of (a) asset (b) trading (c) gambling (d) debating
Subscriptions accrued is an/a_______ (a) asset (b) liabilities (c) accumulated fund (d) working capital
Repair of club equipment is a ______ expenditure (a) revenue (b) capital (c) fixed (d) floating
THEORY
Write short notes on (a) annual subscription (b) life subscriptions (c) subscription prepaid (d) subscription accrued
Differentiate between life membership subscriptions and annual subscription of a non-profit-making organization.
GENERAL EVALUATION QUESTIONS
List five sources of income for a not-for-profit making organizations
State five differences between a Receipts and Payments Account and
an Income and Expenditure Account
State five uses of a Control Account
State six errors that will not affect the agreement of the trial balance
Explain the objective of transfer pricing in Manufacturing Accounts
WEEK NINE
TOPIC: JOINT VENTURE ACCOUNTS
CONTENT
Definition of Joint Venture.
Accounting entries required for joint ventures.
Practical illustration of joint ventures.
Definition
Joint venture is a business relationship of two or more persons or venturers, for the purpose of carrying on a particular transaction with the aim of profit making. The principle of Joint Venture borrows from partnership but the difference is that the Venture ceases operation immediate the purpose of its establishment is achieved.
Joint Venture is not a going concern.
Major account prepared are:
i. Individual Joint Ventures Account: basically, the individual in joint ventures prepares joint ventures account affecting him in his books.
ii. Memorandum Joint Venture Account: This is profit and loss account of joint ventures. In this account, profit or loss attributed to each joint-venturer is ascertained and shared between the individuals concerned.
Accounting entries
Debits all expenses to individual Joint Venture account.
Credited all revenue to Individual Joint Venture account.
In Memorandum Joint Venture account.
i. Credit both revenue of Joint Venture.
ii. Debits both expenses of Joint Ventures.
EVALUATION QUESTIONS:
1. State three similarities between Joint Venture and Partnership.
2. List four differences between Joint Venture and Partnership.
Practical Illustration: Biodun (Kaduna based) and (Kola Lagos based) agreed to enter into Joint Venture in 1992, for the purchase of textile materials in Onitsha and resell.
Biodun and Kola agreed to share the profit or loss in ratio 3:2 respectively. The following transactions took place.
1992 Feb. 1 Biodun made a cash purchase of goods N2,200
4 Kola bought N3,500 worth of goods
10 Biodun purchased goods for N4,000
15 Biodun sold goods for cash N5000 selling expenses N430
20 Kola sold goods for cash, N6,500
25 The remaining items were dispatched to Kaduna by Kola, transport expenses N600
27 Biodun sold goods N10,200
Prepare: (a) Individual Joint Venture account
(b) Memorandum Joint Ventures account
Note: In individual Joint Ventures account, if balance b/d is in the credit side, it implies that the persons or firm has received more than he is entitled to. So he need to pay the amount of the balance to the other party who has received less than his entitlement.
(a) In the books of Biodun:
Solution Joint Ventures with Kola
1992 N 1992 N
Feb. 1 Purchases 2,200 Feb. 15 Sales 5,000
“ 4 Purchases 4,000 Sales 10,200
“ 15 Selling expenses 430
“ 29 Share of profit 6,582
“ Bal. c/d 1988
15,200 15,200
Mar. 3 Cheque to Kola 1,988 M. I Balance b/d 1,988
In the Books of Kola:
Joint Venture with Biodun
1992 N 1992 N
Feb. 4 Purchases 3,500 Feb. 29 Sales 6,500
25 Transports Exp. 600 29 Balance c/d 1,988
29 Share of Profit 4,388
8,488 8,488
Mar. 1 Balance 1,988 Mar. 3 Cheque from Biodun 1,988
(b) In the books of Kola and Biodun:
Memorandum Joint Ventures Accounts
1992 1992
Purchases: Biodun 6,200 Sales Biodun 15,200
Kola 3,500 Kola 6,500
Selling exp. Biodun 430
Transport exp. Kola 600
Share of profit 10,730
Biodun (3/5 x 10, 790) 6,582
Kola (2/5 x 10,970) 4,388
21,700 21,700
Evaluation Questilon
1. Define Joint Venture.
2. Mention the major accounts prepared in Joint Venture.
Reading Assignment: Essential Financial Accounting page 343-348
WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
1. The major account in Joint Venture are ____________
(a) Individual Joint Ventures account and memorandum (b) Profit and Loss account and balance sheet (c) appropriation account and balance sheet (d) cash book and ledger
2. Expenditure of each joint venture is ____________
(a) credited (b) debited (c) all of the above (d) none of the above
3. Revenue of each joint venture is ______
(a) credited (b) debited (c) none of the above (d) all of the above
4. In memorandum account revenue is _______
(a) Debited (b) Credited (c) averted (d) included
5. In memorandum account expenditure is ______________
(a) included (b) excluded (c) debited (d) credited
THEORY
A & B entered into a Joint Venture in a consignment of 100 articles each costing N10.
A supplies such goods and sends them to B for sale, paying carriage there on N20. B is to have 10% commission on sales and the profit divided in the ratio of 2:1
It was found that 10 articles were below standard, and it was agreed that. A would take them back and sell them as his own goods without commission and loss thereon being borne sorely by A. It was further agreed that at the same time 5 articles be returned to A as he was in a position to effect a sale (on account of the Joint Venture) at N18 each, being a better price than what B could get. B sells the remaining articles (less 3 articles taken over by him at an agreed price of N 11 each) at N14 each. The carriage on the goods returned by B to A is N4, and it is agreed that N2 thereof relate to the cost of returning the articles and to be borne by A.
Show the accounts of A in B’s books. B in A’s books and Memorandum Joint Venture Account.
GENERAL EVALUATION/REVISION QUESTIONS
Explain the following : (a) bank loan (b) bank overdraft (c) standing order (d credit
transfer
State five reasons for making provision for depreciation on fixed assets
List four accounts found in each of the following (a) nominal ledger (b) private ledger
(c) general ledger
4 What is the difference between depreciation and amortization
5 List five examples each of assets associated with depreciation and amortization
WEEK TEN
TOPIC: CONSIGNMENT ACCOUNT
CONTENT
Definition
Accounting Entries
Practical illustration
Note
Consignment of good means the sending of goods by a supplier to his agent to receive, store and sell them on behalf of the supplier after which the proceeds, having deducted all expenses incurred, will be remitted to supplier. The sender of the goods is called consignor while the agent to whom the goods are sent is called consignee.
ACCOUNTING ENTRIES
In the Books of the consignor you will open
(a) Consignment account
i. Debits all expenses relating to goods consigned
ii. Credits all revenue relating to goods consigned
(b) Goods sent on consignment account
i. Debit trading a/c with the value of goods consigned
ii. Credit consignment account
(c) Bank account (Extracts)
i. Debit proceed from consignee (agent) after deducting all expenses incurred.
ii. Credit all expenses incurred by the consignor.
(d) Consignee account i. Debit sales account
ii. Credit all expenses incurred in respect of sales
EVALUATION QUESTION
1. Define the term consignment of goods
2. Explain a. Consignor b. Consignee
Practical Illustration
On January 1, 1995, Pfizer Product Plc consigned 10 cartons of visine eye drop to Standard Pharmacy at N150 per carton. In the course he paid N400 for freight charges, N140 for insurance, and N850 for advertisement. On receiving the goods on January 5 Standard Pharmacy incurred the following expenses. Storage N100, wages N380, selling expenses N120. By January 24, Standard Pharmacy had sold all the articles and realized a total sum N21,500 in the following analysis is sales by cash N20,000, Credit sales to Kunle N1,500. The agreed commission was 3% and del-credere commission was 2% of the total sales. Required
1. Prepare the account submitted by consignee on 31/1/95
2. Prepare all necessary account to record the transaction in the books of the consignor.
Solution
1. Account sales submitted by Standard Pharmacy
N N
Sales 21,500
Less: Storage 100
Wages 380
Selling expenses 120
Commission: General (0.03 x 21,500) 645
‘’ Del-credere (0.02 x 21,500) 430 (1,675)
Sight draft enclosed 19,825
2. In the books of Pfizer Product Plc. (consignor)
Good sent on consignment account
Trading a/c (N1,500 x 10) 15,000 consignment 15,000
Consignment Account
Goods sent on consignment 15,000 standard pharmacy 21,500
Bank: freight cheque 400
Advertisement 850
Insurance 140
Standard Pharmacy
Storage 100
Wages 380
Selling expenses 120
Commission: General 645
Del-credere commission 430
P&L a/c (profit) 3,435
21,500 21,500
Bank account (Extracts)
Standard Pharmacy 19,825 Consignment N
Freight charges 400
Advertisement 850
Insurance 140
Standard Pharmacy account (consignee)
Consignment: sales 21,500 Consignment N
Storage 100
Wages 380
Selling expense 120
Comm. General 645
Del-credere 430
Bank 19,825
21,500 21,500
EVALUATION QUESTION
1. List the accounts that are opened to record consignment of goods.
2. Explain the treatment of consignment outwards in the balance sheet.
READING ASSIGNMENT
Simplified Bookkeeping and A/C, Femi Olatunji 260 -265
WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
The person that sends goods to another person for the purpose of selling it is (a) collector (b) consignor (c) consignee (d) none of the above
The person who received the goods on behalf of another is (a) consignor (b) collector (c) consignee (d) none of the above
Consignment of goods means (a) receiving of goods (b) producing of goods (c) sending of goods (d) all of the above
In Goods sent on consignment account, consignment is (a) Debited (b) credited (c) all of the above (d) none of the above
In consignment account, advertisement is (a) revenue (b) expenses (c) income (d) none of the above.
[mediator_tech]
SECTION B
On February 1, 1997 Fadeke Stores consigned 100 cases of electric clippers to her agent Bimbo, at N3,000 per case sundry expenses N420. Bimbo expenses are: warehousing N20 Railways charges N150, selling expenses N50. On April, Bimbo sold the whole consignment for N380,000 and all receipt were taken in cash. Commission Bimbo 3% plus a delcredere commission to of 1% on sales. On 13th April Bimbo prepared his account sales which, together with bank draft for-remittance, was sent to Fadeke. Required to prepare.
a. The account sales sent by Bimbo
b. The necessary ledger accounts in the books of consignor (Fadeke)
GENERAL EVALUATION/REVISION QUESTIONS
What are books of prime entry
List any seven books of prime entry
Explain the following concepts (a) business entity (b) going – concern
What is a ledger
List and explain three classification of ledger accounts
