JSS 2 Third Term Mathematics Scheme of Work with Lesson Notes

 

 

THIRD TERM E–LEARNING NOTES

JS 2 (BASIC 8)

SUBJECT: MATHEMATICS

SCHEME OF WORK

WEEK     TOPIC

1. Revision of work done in the second term  
2. Angles: Sum of angles of a convex polygon – the sum of the interior angles of a 

 convex polygon. Using angles of elevation and depression in calculating          

 measurements. The difference between angles of elevation and depression.   

 Solving some problems on quantitative aptitude related to angles.

3. Data Presentation: Ordered presentation of data or frequency table.
4. Data Presentation – Pie Charts: Presenting information. Generating, presenting and using data for statistical purposes.
5. Probability: Review. Concept and meaning of probability. Occurrence of chance events in everyday life. Importance and usefulness of probability. Examples of chance events – ludo game, tossing of coins etc.
6. Probability of chance events. Determination of the probability of chance events. Experimenting, using coins and dice and calculating the probability of the results.
7. Review: Gradient of straight line graph. Distance and Time graph. Velocity-time graph. Representation of real-life situations on graph.
8. Revision on angles and polygons – definition, types of angles and polygons, sum of interior angles in polygons etc.
9. Revision of linear inequalities in one variable and graphs of linear equation in two variable.
10. General Revision
11. General Revision
12. Examinations

WEEK  1

Date: ………………….

 TOPIC:    Revision of work done in the second term 

The Teacher should use discretion, knowing areas most students are still having difficulties in last term’s work, and re-teach or re-explain those areas within this week.

                             

WEEK  2

Date: ……………………………….

TOPIC:    ANGLES

CONTENT:  i.          Sum of the angles of a convex polygon

1. Angles of elevation and depression

• Using angles of elevation and depression in calculating measurements

1. Quantitative aptitude problems related to angles

Sub-Topic 1: Sum of the angles of a convex polygon

A convex polygon has no angle pointing inwards. Each internal angle of a convex polygon is always less than 180⁰. A polygon is convex if any line segment joining any two points on it stays inside the polygon itself. Examples of convex polygons are shown below:

 

 

 

If there is any internal angle greater than 180°, the angle points inwards and the polygon becomes concave.

convex                                                  concave

Sum of Interior angles

The sum of the interior angles of any convex n-gon (polygon with n sides) is given by:

Sum of interior angles = (n-2) x 180⁰  

Or Sum of interior angles = (2n – 4) x 90⁰

Or Sum of interior angles = (2n – 4) Right angles

Sum of Exterior angles

Sum of exterior angles = 360⁰

Each interior angle for a regular convex polygon

Each interior angle    =              

Note: A regular polygon is a polygon having all sides equal and all angles equal.

EXAMPLE – 1: What is the sum of the interior angles of a pentagon?

Solution

A pentagon has five sides, that is, n = 5.

Therefore, sum of interior angles = (n – 2) x 180⁰

= (5 – 2) x 180⁰

= 3 x 180⁰ = 540⁰

EXAMPLE – 2: Calculate the size of each interior angle of a regular heptagon.

Solution

A regular heptagon has 7 equal sides, that is, n = 7.

 Each interior angle =  =

=  =

=   = 128

EXAMPLE – 3: The sum of the interior angles of a regular polygon is 10 right angles.

• How many sides has the polygon?
• What is the sum of the exterior angles of the polygon?
• Calculate the size of each exterior angle of the polygon.

Solution:

• Sum of interior angles = (n – 2) =

Sum of interior angles= (

Sum of interior angles = (2n – 4) right angles

2n – 4 = 10

2n = 10 + 4

2n = 14

Therefore, n = 7 sides

• Sum of exterior angles = 360
• Each exterior angle =

=

=

EVALUATION:

• What is the sum of interior angles of a: (a) hexagon (b) nonagon
• Calculate the size of each interior angle and each exterior angle in a regular: (a) octagon (b) decagon
• The sum of six of the interior angles of a nonagon is 920⁰ . The other three angles are all equal. Find the size of each of the other three angles.
• If the angles of a quadrilateral are x, 2x and 3x, what is the value of x? Calculate the size of the largest angle.

Sub-Topic 2: Angles of elevation and depression

Angle of Elevation:

Angle of Elevation: the angle that an observer would raise his or her line of sight above a horizontal line in order to see an object. The angle of elevation is the angle between the horizontal and the observer’s line of sight.

In the diagram above, the angle of elevation of the object from the observer is α⁰.

Angle of Depression

If the object is below the level of the observer, then the angle between the horizontal and the observer’s line of sight is called the angle of depression. If an observer were  UP ABOVE and needed to look down, the angle of depression would be the angle that the person would need to lower lower his or her line of sight.

 

 

In the diagram above, the angle of depression of the object from the observer is β⁰.

In other words, as shown in the diagrams below, the angle formed with the horizontal when an observer looks up is called angle of elevation whereas, the angle formed with the horizontal when an observer looks down is called angle of depression.

 

 

There is a connection between angle of elevation and angle of depression. For example, the angle of elevation of Y from X is the same as the angle of depression of X from Y. Therefore angles of elevation and depression are alternate angles.

EVALUATION:

• Make a sketch of the diagram below in your notebook.

Using a protractor and ruler,

1. Find the angle of elevation () of the top of the tree from the observer A
2. The distance between the tree and the observer

• The height of the tree
• Make a sketch of the following diagram in your notebook. Then using a protractor and ruler:

Find the size of the angle of depression of the object from the observer.

Sub-Topic 3: Using angles of elevation and depression in calculating

                        measurements

Angles of elevation and depression can be measured with a simple instrument called a clinometer. A simple clinometer is made from a chalk-board protractor in which a plumb-line hangs from the center of the protractor.

The angle that the plumb-line makes with the 90⁰ vertical axes when the clinometer is placed in the observer’s direction is the angle of elevation / depression.

In the figure above, a plumb-line hangs from the center of the protractor at A. The observer sights an object along the line BAC. The angle of elevation e⁰ is the angle between AO and the plumb-line. The size of e⁰ can be read from the scale. Notice that e⁰ increases from 0⁰ at O to 90⁰ at B.

NOTE: The teacher should make a simple clinometer using a chalk-board protractor and plumb-line.

Method: Cut out the clinometer. Stick it on a thick cardboard. Tie a heavy mass to the center using a thread. Then find elevations by sighting objects through two points.

EVALUATION:

Carry out the following activities using a tape and clinometer:

• Stand at a point Y on level ground, where the top of the wall in your class has an angle of elevation of 45⁰
• Find the distance from Y to the base of the wall in your class. Record the height of the wall.

Sub-Topic 4: Quantitative aptitude problems related to angles

EXAMPLE – 1: What is the angle between the minute-hand and hour-hand of a clock at 3 0’clock.

Solution:

Angle of rotation of the hour hand from 0hr to 12hr = 360

From 0hr to 1hr =  = 30

Therefore from 0hr to 3hr = 30

EVALUATION:

Find the angle between the hands of a clock at 7 0’clock.

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT:

New General Mathematics for Junior Secondary Schools 2 by M.F. Macrae et. al.  Exercise 6d Nos 3, 4, 5, 7, 8 Pages 57 – 58. Exercise 20d Nos 1-6, 9 Pages 199-200.

READING ASSIGNMENT:

New General Mathematics for Junior Secondary Schools 2 by M.F. Macrae et. al. Chapter 6-4 Pages 55-58

 

WEEK  3

Date: ……………………………….

TOPIC: Data Presentation: Ordered presentation of data or frequency table.

CONTENT: i.      Data and Types of Data

1. Ordered Presentation of Data

• Frequency and Frequency Table

1. Class Interval (Groups)

Sub-Topic 1: Data and Types of Data

The word data means information, which are usually given in the form of numbers or facts. Data may be categorized into

1. a) Qualitative / categorical data. They are non numerical and are described only in words. Examples are names, places, color, taste, opinions, brightness and so on.
2. b) Quantitative data: They are numerical data which are usually given in form of a number or measurement. Examples are number of cars, height of people, number of schools, number of admissions, etc. Quantitative data can be further classified into:
3. i) Discrete data: They are obtained usually by counting and not by measurements. Most often they are whole numbers and not fractions / decimal numbers. The sense is that we can only say we have 6 houses and not 6 ½ houses; we have 4 boys and not Thus, discrete data have certain definite or exact values.
4. ii) Continuous data: They are data which are obtained by measurements. They can take any values within a given range, including fractions and decimals. Continuous data concerns more with precision of figures or numbers’ measurements, perhaps using instrument. Examples of continuous data are heights, distances, temperature, areas, perimeters, volumes, density, mass, angles, etc.  This is so because these may not be whole numbers in most practical situations.

EVALUATION:

• What is Data
• Mention the various categories of Data

Sub-Topic 2: Ordered Presentation of Data

Ordered Presentation of data is the arrangement of data in a way that will make them look organized and more presentable. Ordered presentation of data also makes statistical data easy to read, understand and interpret. Data containing numbers can be presented in an ordered format through:

• Sorting
• Use of frequency table

Data can also be presented using graphs.

Sorting

This involves arranging data either from the least to the highest (increasing or rank order) and vice versa. When data are not sorted out and not arranged to taste, we say they are still in the raw state and are therefore called as raw data.

Data sorted out in increasing order are said to be given in Rank Order. In a Rank Order, the Range of the set of data can be calculated.

Range — The range of any set of data is the difference between the largest value and smallest value.  For instance, given the set of numbers:

5, 8, 3, 2, 17, 9, 13, 6, 4

Range = 17 – 2 = 15

Sometimes the range is written as 2 → 17, meaning that the data ranges from 2 to 17.

Example:

Question:  The raw scores of 20 pupils in a Mathematics test are:

6, 8, 10, 5, 2, 10, 6, 9, 4, 3, 10, 5, 6, 9, 8, 7, 7, 6, 6, 3

(a)  Arrange the scores in the order of magnitude starting with the smallest.

(b)  Arrange the scores in the order of magnitude starting with the largest.

(c)  What is the difference between the least and the highest scores?

(d)  How many pupils scored less than 6?

(e)  How many pupils have the lowest score; and how many have the highest score?

(f)  If the pass mark is 7 how many failed and how many passed?

 

Solution:

• 2, 3, 3, 4, 5, 5, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 7, 7, 8, 8, 9, 9, 10, 10, 10
• 10, 10, 10, 9, 9, 8, 8, 7, 7, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 5, 5, 4, 3, 2, 2
• Range = Highest score – Lowest Score

= 10 – 2

= 8

• Less than 6 = Numbers from 2 to 5

2, 3, 3, 4, 5, 5

Therefore 6 pupils scored less than 6 marks

• Lowest score = 2, Therefore 1 pupil has the lowest score

Highest score = 10, Therefore 3 pupils have the highest score

• Pass mark = 7 or more,

Pass scores = 7, 7, 8, 8, 9, 9, 10, 10, 10. Therefore 9 pupils passed

Fail mark = Less than 7

Fail scores = 2, 3, 3, 4, 5, 5, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6. Therefore 11 pupils failed

EVALUATION:

             Question:  The raw scores of 20 pupils in a Basic Science test are:

16, 8, 10, 5, 4, 20, 16, 9, 14, 13, 10, 5, 6, 19, 28, 12, 17, 22, 11, 13

(a)  Arrange the scores in the order of magnitude starting with the smallest.

(b)  Arrange the scores in the order of magnitude starting with the largest.

(c)  What is the difference between the least and the highest scores?

(d)  How many pupils scored less than 20?

(e)  How many pupils have the lowest score; and how many have the highest score?

(f)  If the pass mark is 15 how many failed and how many passed?

Sub-Topic 3: Frequency and Frequency Tables:                                                                      The frequency of a particular data value is the number of times the data value occurs. For example, if four students have a score of 80 in mathematics, and then the score of 80 is said to have a frequency of 4.                                                                                                                                                      The frequency of a data value is often represented by f.

A frequency table is constructed by arranging collected data values in ascending order of magnitude with their corresponding frequencies. This table shows the arrangement of data in at least two columns, where the first column indicates the items from the least to the highest and the second column indicates the frequencies. There can also be the third column for tally.

In general:

We use the following steps to construct a frequency table:

Step 1:

Construct a table with three columns.  Then in the first column, write down all of the data values in ascending order of magnitude.

Step 2:

To complete the second column, go through the list of data values and place one tally mark at the appropriate place in the second column for every data value.  When the fifth tally is reached for a mark, draw a horizontal line through the first four tally marks as shown for 7 in the above frequency table.  We continue this process until all data values in the list are tallied.

Step 3:

Count the number of tally marks for each data value and write it in the third column.

For example, the 20 raw scores of students given below can be re-organized in a frequency- table:

2, 3, 3, 4, 5, 5, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 7, 7, 8, 8, 9, 9, 10, 10, 10

 

 

Item  (Score)(x)	Frequency (f)
2	1
3	2
4	1
5	2
6	5
7	2
8	2
9	2
10	3
TOTAL	20

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

There may also be the third column for tally.

EXAMPLE – 1

The marks awarded for an assignment set for a Year 8 class of 20 students were as follows:

6     7     5     7     7     8     7     6     9     7      4     10   6     8     8     9     5     6     4     8

Present this information in a frequency table.

Solution:

To construct a frequency table, we proceed as follows:

Construct a table with three columns.  The first column shows what is being arranged in ascending order (i.e. the marks).  The lowest mark is 4.  So, start from 4 in the first column as shown below.

 

Count the number of tally marks for each mark and write it in third column.  The finished frequency table is as follows:

EVALUATION:

Use the frequency table to represent the table below:

Grade	A	B	C	D	E	F
Frequency	10	8	6	6	4	2

 

Sub-Topic 4: Class Intervals (or Groups)

The frequency of a class interval (or group) is the number of data values that fall in the range specified by that group (or class interval). When the set of data values are spread out, it is difficult to set up a frequency table for every data value as there will be too many rows in the table.  So the data are grouped into class intervals (or groups) to help us organize, interpret and analyze the data.

Ideally, there should be between five and ten rows in a frequency table.  Bear this in mind when deciding the size of the class interval (or group).

Each group starts at a data value that is a multiple of that group.  For example, if the size of the group is 5, then the groups should start at 5, 10, 15, 20 etc.  Likewise, if the size of the group is 10, then the groups should start at 10, 20, 30, 40 etc.

EXAMPLE:

The number of calls from motorists per day was recorded for the month of December 2003.  The results were as follows:

Set up a frequency table for this set of data values using class interval of 40.

Solution:

Construct a table with three columns, and then write the data groups or class intervals in the first column.  The size of each group is 40.  So, the groups will start at 0, 40, 80, 120, 160 and 200 to include all of the data.

 

EVALUATION:

The data below represent the daily units of electricity used by a certain household in September. Represent the information by a frequency table.

25, 14, 17, 12, 8, 17, 13, 17, 4, 25, 2, 8, 15, 4, 7, 14, 18, 7, 6, 5, 28, 32, 30, 19, 11, 14, 22, 4, 11, 9.

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT:

New General Mathematics for Junior Secondary Schools 2 by M.F. Macrae et. al.  Review Test 8 No 1 Pages 11-12.

READING ASSIGNMENT:

New General Mathematics for Junior Secondary Schools 2 by M.F. Macrae et. al. Review of previous coursework Pages 10-12.

 

WEEK – 4

Date: ……………………………….

TOPIC:    PIE CHART

CONTENT:  i.         Meaning of Pie Chart

1. How to draw a Pie Chart

• Worked examples on Pie Charts

1. Further examples on Pie Charts

Sub-Topic 1: Meaning of Pie Chart:

A pie chart is made up of a circle used to represent the frequency of each item in form of angle. To draw the pie chart, convert the frequencies to angles. A pie chart is a circular chart in which the circle is divided into sectors.  Each sector visually represents an item in a data set to match the amount of the item as a fraction of the total data set. In a pie chart, the arc length of each sector is proportional to the frequency it represents. It is named for its resemblance to a pie which has been sliced.

The pie chart is perhaps the most widely used statistical chart in the business world and the mass media. A Pie chart is useful to compare different parts of a whole amount. It is often used to present financial information.  E.g. A company’s expenditure can be shown to be the sum of its parts including different expense categories such as salaries, borrowing interest, taxation and general running costs (i.e. rent, electricity, heating etc).

EVALUATION:

In your words, briefly explain what is meant by: “Pie Chart”

Sub-Topic 2: How to Draw a Pie Chart

A pie chart is drawn with the help of a table which transforms the data into fractions of the total and angles. The angles are obtained by multiplying each fraction by 360⁰.

The table normally contains 4 columns.

In the first column, the event for each category of data is indicated. In the second column, the frequency or value of each event is indicated. In the third column, the frequencies are converted to fractions of the total frequency. In the fourth column, the fractions are converted to angles.

Check your calculations by totaling the angles listed in the fourth column. The sum of angles should be equals to 360⁰.

Then draw a circle and divide the circle into sectors, each sector representing each of the angles obtained.

Title your chart and indicate the legend (or keys) of your chart.

The Table

Data Category	Frequency	Derived Fraction	Sector Angle

 

 

A pie-chart

EVALUATION:

Draw a circle and divide the circle into various sectors using your protractor and ruler. Use your discretion to do this. Obtain the angle represented by each sector.

Sub-Topic 3:  WORKED EXAMPLE ON PIE CHART

Example

A family’s weekly expenditure on its house mortgage, food and fuel is as follows:

 

Note:

It is simple to read a pie chart.  Just look at the required sector representing an item (or category) and read off the value.  For example, the weekly expenditure of the family on food is 37.5% of the total expenditure measured.

A pie chart is used to compare the different parts that make up a whole amount.

EVALUATION:

Given the data below, which show the number of mechanical faults of a machine within the first six months of a particular year. Draw the pie-chart diagram to represent the information.

Month	January	February	March	April	May	June
Frequency	2	4	6	10	6	2

 

Sub-Topic 4: Further Examples on Pie Charts

Example 2

The following chart is based on results of the election for the European Parliament in 2004. The table lists the number of seats allocated to each party, along with the derived fraction of the total that they each make up. The value in the last column, the derived angle of each sector, is found by multiplying the derived fraction by 360°.

Group                    Seats               Derived Fraction    Sector angle (°)

A                            39                          39/732             19.2

B                            200                        200/732           98.4

C                            42                          42/732             20.7

D                            15                          15/732             7.4

E                            67                          67/732             33.0

F                            276                        276/732           135.7

G                            27                          27/732             13.3

H                            66                          66/732             32.5

Total                      732                        1                      360⁰

These totals do not add up to 1 and 360⁰ but can be rounded off.

The size of each sector angle is proportional to the size of the corresponding quantity, here the number of seats. For example, the sector angle for the largest group (European People’s Party (EPP)) is 135.7° because 0.377 times 360, rounded to one decimal place equals 135.7.

 Example 3

The following table represents the grades obtained by 15 students in an examination.

Grade	A	B	C	D	E	F
Frequency	3	5	3	1	2	1

 

Represent the data in the table by a pie chart.

Solution:

Converting the frequencies of the items to angles:

Grade	frequency	Sector Angle
A	3	3/15  X  3600 =  720
B	5	5/15 X 3600  =  1200
C	3	3/15 X 3600  =  720
D	1	1/15 X 360   =  240
E	2	2/15 X 3600  = 480
F	1	1/15 X 3600  = 240
TOTAL	15

 

Angle of each frequency =      Frequency           x      360 ⁰

Total frequency

The angles for the items (grades) are then represented in a circle as follows:

Note: The key is the list of the colour used to represent each item

EVALUATION:

Represent the data below with a pie-chart

Grade	A	B	C	D	E	F
frequency	3	5	3	1	2	1

 

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT:

New General Mathematics for Junior Secondary Schools 2 by M.F. Macrae et. al. Review of previous coursework Pages 10-12.

READING ASSIGNMENT:

New General Mathematics for Junior Secondary Schools 2 by M.F. Macrae et. al. Review of previous coursework Pages 10-12.

 

WEEK  5

Date: ……………………………….

TOPIC: Probability: Review

CONTENT:    i. Concept and meaning of probability

1. Occurrence of chance events in everyday life

• Importance and usefulness of probability

1. Examples of chance events – ludo game, tossing of coins etc

CONTENT:   i.     Concept and meaning of Probability

Probability is a measure of the likelihood of a required outcome happening. The required outcomes are the required possibilities in an occurrence or happening.

In form of a fraction, Probability =

In other words, the likelihood of an event happening is called probability. Probability is 1 if it is certain that something will happen. Probability is 0 if it is certain that something cannot happen.

Probability is ordinarily used to describe an attitude of mind towards some proposition of whose truth we are not certain. The proposition of interest is usually of the form “Will a specific event occur?” The attitude of mind is of the form “How certain are we that the event will occur?” The certainty we adopt can be described in terms of a numerical measure and this number, between 0 and 1, is called probability. The higher the probability of an event, the more certain we are that the event will occur. Thus, probability in an applied sense is a measure of the likeliness that a (random) event will occur.

If the probability of something happening is x, then the probability of it not happening is      1 – x.

EVALUATION:

What does probability mean to you? Briefly describe the term “probability”.

 

Sub-Topic 2:  Occurrence of chance events in everyday life

There are lots of these simple examples that we could be used to discuss probability. But chance events occur more often in everyday life. As you grow up you need to think about your actions and what the consequences of these actions will be. It’s important to know how to use probability when you make decisions about your future.

There are many advertisements on TV for trading stocks which involve buying and selling shares from companies. Before buying a stock, there is need to investigate the company. If the company makes a lot of money with their product and if you own some of their stock, you may make more money, potentially more money than what you could earn at the bank as interest on your savings account. But if the company loses money, you may lose. People who work with company finances calculate the probability that a company should make money and is a good company to invest money in.

Another area of your life where probability is important is your health. For example, if you know that people in your family have heart disease and you develop high blood pressure when you are an adult then you know that you have a high probability of also having heart disease. You could be frightened by this high probability or you could live a healthier lifestyle that lowers your blood pressure and in turn lowers the probability of getting heart disease. In this case, you are using your understanding of probability to improve your health.

EXAMPLE – 1: Out of 200 buses, 40 were not involved in any accident in January. What is the probability that a bus will not be involved in accident in January?

Solution:

Required outcomes = Numbers of buses not involved in accident in January = 40

Possible outcomes = Number of buses altogether = 200

Probability of a bus not involved in accident in January =  =

EXAMPLE – 2: In a basket, there are two blue balls, three red balls and four green balls. What is the probability that a ball picked at random is:

• Blue
• Red
• Green
• Not Blue

Solution:

Random means not picked carefully or selected anyhow.

• Probability of picking Blue ball =

=

• Probability of picking Red ball =

=

• Probability of picking Green ball =

=

• Probability of not picking Blue ball = 1 – Probability of picking Blue ball

= 1 –

=

=

EXAMPLE – 3: A bucket contains 7 big mangoes and 21 small mangoes. What is the probability that a mango selected at random is:

1. Big
2. Small
3. Either
4. Neither

Solution:

1. Probability of selecting big mango =

=

=

Reducing the fraction to its lowest term,

=

1. Probability of selecting small mango =

=

=

Reducing the fraction to its lowest term,

=

1. Probability of selecting either big or small mango =

Probability of selecting big mango + Probability of selecting small mango

=  +

=

= 1

Reducing the fraction to its lowest term,

=

1. The mangoes are either big or small. It is therefore impossible to select any other size apart from big or small.

Probability of neither big nor small =    =

= 0

EVALUATION:

A bag contains 5 white balls and 6 yellow balls. What is the probability that a ball picked from the bag at random is:

(a) White         (b) Yellow        (c) Either White or Yellow      (d) Neither White nor Yellow

Sub-Topic 3: Importance and Usefulness of Probability

Probability theory is applied in everyday life in risk assessment and in trade on commodity markets. Governments typically apply probabilistic methods in environmental regulation, where it is called pathway analysis. A good example is the effect of the perceived probability of any widespread Middle East conflict on oil prices—which have ripple effects in most economies. An assessment by a commodity trader that a war is more likely vs. less likely sends prices up or down, and signals other traders of that opinion.

Another application of probability theory in everyday life is reliability. Many consumer products, such as automobiles and consumer electronics, use reliability theory in product design to reduce the probability of failure. Failure probability may influence a manufacture’s decisions on a product’s warranty. The cache language model and other statistical language models that are used in natural language processing are also examples of applications of probability theory.

There are several major industries that are big users of probability. The first of those is the sports, and games industry. All sports and many other games rely heavily on the use of probabilities to predict winning combinations and numbers of winners.

Another major industry using probabilities is the insurance industry. All insurance rates are determined by the probability that a certain person of a certain age doing a certain activity will have an accident or a heart attack or get diabetes or die at a certain age.

Probability is also used for meteorology and weather forecasting. Every time the weather person says there’s an 80% chance of snow, he or she has studied the weather patterns, applied the mathematics and science and formulas, and made the prediction.

Another area where probabilities are used, but may not be widely known, is in the area of research. Research is done in almost every field of study from agriculture to business trends to education to psychology to medicine. Even fashion and food follow trends that can be studied. The data is gathered and analyzed and predictions are made using probability.

EVALUATION:

Briefly discuss the importance of probability.

Sub-Topic 4: Examples of chance events – Ludo game, Tossing of coins etc

Chance is a word that is used in everyday life situation, mostly in games of luck where chances of a particular event taking place are discussed.

A person can have a chance of meeting a person or winning a game. A weak student has a chance to get good marks, if he studies. In very simple terms, chance is something that may happen, even if there were no scene of its happening. It can be seen that chance is a term that describes the likelihood of an event taking place.

There is a difference between Chance and Probability:

Probability is a separate field of study originated from the study of games of chances. Tossing a coin, spinning a wheel and rolling a dice in Ludo game are perfect examples. Chance is an everyday word used in a situation where we are talking about an event taking place whereas probability is a precise measurement of that chance. Probability is a special branch of mathematics that helps people to decide the percentage of likelihood of an event taking place whereas chances of an event taking place in daily life are merely opinions.

For example, in a game of Ludo, the probability of getting a six is 1/6. There are six numbers around a die: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6. The probability of getting a 6 out of the six digits round a die is 1 out of 6.

When a coin is tossed, there are two possible outcomes. It can be a head or a tail, which are both equally likely. If two coins are tossed, there can be two heads, two tails, or a head and a tail. It is tempting to say that there are three equally possible outcomes. But this would be wrong. You must think of the coins separately. It might be easier to imagine tossing one coin first and the other after (or even tossing the same coin twice, which has exactly the same effect). Or you could imagine two different values of coins, so they can be tossed apart. Now you can see that there are four possibilities: both heads, both tails, first coin a head and the second a tail, and first coin a tail and the second a head.

EXAMPLE:

A coin is tossed three times. The probability of obtaining at least one tail is?

Solution:

Probability of getting a head: 0.5

Probability of getting a tail: 0.5

The probability of not getting ANY tails = P (Head) x P (Head) x P (Head)

=          0.5 x 0.5 x 0.5

=          0.125

The probability of getting AT LEAST 1 tail = 1 – 0.125 = 0.875

Other examples of the probabilities of chance events include: probability of getting rain is ½ (or 50%), probability of passing a competitive exam is ½ (or 50%), probability of winning a football match is ½ (or 50%).

EVALUATION:

• A coin is tossed twice. What is the probability of getting a head and a tail?
• What is the probability of getting a 5 from a Ludo die?

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT:

New General Mathematics for Junior Secondary Schools 2 by M.F. Macrae et. al. Chapter 21 Exercise 21a Nos 1-2, Exercise 21b Nos 1-5, Exercise 21c Nos 1-6

READING ASSIGNMENT:

New General Mathematics for Junior Secondary Schools 2 by M.F. Macrae et. al. Chapter 21 Pages 202 – 208

 

WEEK 6

TOPIC:     PROBABILITY

SUB-TOPIC 1: PROBABILITY OF CHANCE OF EVENTS, EXPERIMENTAL PROBABILITY

Probability is the measure of the result or outcomes of expectation (events) in numerical form. The number to be assigned normally stands between 0 and 1.When the probability is zero, it means the event will not happen, while of one shows that certainly the event will happen and the probability that event may happen is half(1/2). The probability of a particular outcome is defined as

                                    The  number  of  favourable  outcomes  

                                    Total number of outcome

 

Experimental probability

Experimental probability bases its result on the actual test (experiment) carried out.The outcome will therefore be based on the number of trials (experiment) carried out.

Probability=number of required outcomes

                      number of possible outcomes 

An event is a possible outcome or combination of an outcomes of an experiment, e.g.(H) is the event that head appears (T)is the event that tail will appear in a tossed coin. For a tossed coin, the probability  of   obtaining a head is equal to the probability of obtaining a tail, hence (H) and (T) are equally likely.

Example 1

Find the probability of obtaining a 4 on a thrown die.

Solution

Likely numbers to throw are :1,2,3,4,5,6

Event number is 4, i.e number of required outcomes which occur once

While total number is 6 i.e required outcomes

Probability of obtaining a 4 i.e P(4) =1/6

Example 2

It is known that out of every 1000 new cars, 50 develop a mechanical fault in the first three months. What is the of buying a car that will develop a mechanical fault within 3 months.

Solution

Required outcomes is number of cars developing faults = 50

Total number of outcomes is number of cars altogether = 1000

Probability of buying a faulty car = 50    

                                                            1000

 

1/20

Example 3:  A market trader has 100 oranges for sale.Four of them are bad. What is the probability that an orange chosen at random is good?

At random means without carefully  choosing

Four out of 100 oranges are bad, i.e 96 out of 100 oranges are good.

Probability of getting a good orange  = 96/100  =24/25

         Method 2

Probability of getting a bad orange= 4/100 = 1/25

Probability of getting a good 0range = 1-1/25 =24/25

Example 4

There are 7 red balls, 8 white balls and 5 blue balls in a box.A ball is selected at radom from the box. Find the probability that the ball is (a)white (b)red (c)blue or red (d)neither red nor white (e) green.

Solution

Total number of balls = 7 + 8 + 5 =20

Number of white ball=8

Probability 0f selecting a white balls= 8/20

1. Number of red balls = 7

probability of selecting a red ball = 7/20

1. Number of blue and red = 5+7=12

probability of selecting a blue or red =12/20     =3/5

1. neither a red nor white, then it must be blue =5/20 =1/4
2. there no green balls, probability of selecting a green ball = 0

EVALUATION:

A trader has 100 mangoes for sale. Twenty of them are unripe. Another five of them are bad. If a mango is picked at random, find the probability that it is a unripe b bad c neither unripe nor bad?

If 20 of the mangoes were chosen at random, how many would you expect to be d unripe e bad

READING ASSIGNMENT:

New general mathematics for junior secondary school UBE Edition page 202-205

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT:

New general mathematics  book 2  exercise 21c 1-20

WEEK 7

TOPIC: Distance and Time graph

SUB-TOPIC: Real life situations on graph

Gradient

The gradient of a distance-time graph gives a measure of the acceleration of the object. Acceleration is positive when the speed is increasing and negative (i.e. deceleration) when the speed is decreasing.PQR is any right-angled triangle drawn on the travel graph. Between P and Q the time changes from P to R and the distance changes from R to Q.

 

 

Y                                               Q

 

change of distance

 

P  change of time           R

 

X

Speed along PQ =change of distance            

change of time

=RQ

PR

The value RQ is called the gradient of the line PQ

PR

    y₂-y_{1    = Gradient  i.e changes in y}

X₂-X_{1                             changes in x}

          LINEAR GRAPHS

    Example

If 1m of string costs $15,then 2m costs $30,3m costs $45 and so on. We can show lengths and costs in a table of values

Length(m)  1     2    3    4     5

Cost($)        15 30  45  60  75

Let x –axis be length (m) on the horizontal line, while cost ($) is on y-axis i.e.the vertical line

75

60

45

30

15

0          1      2      3       4     5

Length (m)

Example 2

A student walks along a road at a speed of 120m per minute

• Make a table of values showing how far the student has walked after 0,1,2,3,4,5 minutes
• Using a scale of 1cm to 1min on the horizontal axis and 1cm to 100m on the vertical axis, draw a graph of this information.
• Use the graph to find (i) how far the student has walked after 2.6min, (ii) how long it takes the student to walk 500m.

In tabular form

Time(min)     0       1       2         3     4         5

Distance(m)   0    120   240   360   480   600

 

600

500

400

300

200

100

0        1         2         3        4              5

(ci) graphically is 310m

(cii) The student takes about 4.2min to walk 500m

EVALUATION:

1. New general mathematics for junior secondary school exercise 14a, 1-10 page 121

 

 Speed-time graphs

It is also known as velocity-time graph, show how the speed of an object varies with time during a journey.

18               A                       B

 

 

0                       4                    9                 12  C

The journey is in three stages OA, AB, BC.

Stage OA : Acceleration

The first 4 seconds the car speeds up or accelerates,uniformly from rest 0m/s,to 18m/s.

A

18m/s

• 4s

Acceleration between O and A

=gradient of OA = PA      = 18m/s

OP           4s

= 4 ½ m per second or m/s²

Distance travelled during first stage

= average speed x time

          (0+18)  x 4

2

= 36m

Stage AB : Constant speed

During the second stage the car tavels with a constant speed of 18m/s 5seconds

A                                   B

 

18m/s

P                                    Q

The speed of the car does not change, therefore between A and B= 0

Distance travelled during second stage

Distance=average speed x time

18m/s x 5s = 90m

Stage BC: Deceleration

During the final stage the car slow down, or decelerates, uniformly from 18m/s to rest, 0m/s.The gradient is negative there is a negative acceleration or deceleration.

B

18m/s              C

Q 9        12

Acceleration between B and C

=gradient of BC =BQ

QC

= -18m/s

3s                      = – 6m/s per second  = 6m/s²

Distance travelled during final stage

= average speed x time

= (18 + 0)  m/s  x 3s

2

= 27m

Teacher should explain better and solve more examples

 READING ASSIGNMENT:

New general mathematics for junior secondary school UBE Edition book 2 page 119-128

WEEK-END ASSIGNMENT:

New general mathematics for junior secondary school book 2 exercise 14f question 1-6 page 134-135

 

 

WEEK  8

 TOPIC: Revision on angles and polygon

SUB-TOPIC: Types of angles and polygon

 ANGLES

Angles are the distance or change in direction between two lines or surfaces diverging from the same point, measure in degree(⁰)

 Name of angles

1. Right Angles: This is an angle whose value is exactly 90^o .It is a quarter of a revolution

 

 

90⁰

2. A Straight Angle: is an angle of size 180⁰.

 

180⁰

3. Acute Angle: This is an angle whose value is less than a right angle, i.e angles less 90⁰

 

 

 

 

 

 

4. Obtuse Angle: This is the one which is greater than 90⁰ but less than 180⁰ .

 

 

 

 

5. Reflex Angle: It is an angle which is between 180⁰ and 360⁰

 

 

 

 

 

6. Complementary Angles: Two angles are said to be complementary if their sum is equal to 90⁰g. the complement of 26 ^o is 90 ⁰ – 26⁰ =64⁰

 

 

 

a       b                a+b=90⁰

 

7. Supplementary Angles: When the sum of two of two angles is equal to 180⁰ they are said to be supplementary. Therefore the supplement of 26⁰ is 180⁰– 26⁰ = 154⁰

 

 

 

a                b                a+b=180⁰

 

 

Angles between lines (revision)

This section revises the properties of angles (i) meeting at a point, (ii) at the points where a transversal crosses parallel lines.

• The sum of angles on a straight line is 180⁰

 

Q                         R

a       b          c

P                     O                            S

POQ + QOR + ROS = 180⁰

i.e. a+b+c=180

• Vertically opposite angles are always equal

A                                  x                                  D

a                b

C                                  y                                               B

AOC = DOB =and AOD =COD

I.e. a=b    and   x=y

(c) The sum of the angles at a point is 360⁰

           ^{Q                                 R                                  S}     

 

 

                    ^O

^{C                                                                    T}

 

 

 

 

 

POQ+QOR+ROS+SOT+TOP=360⁰

i.e. a+b+c+d+e=360⁰

(d) When a transversal crosses parallel lines, corresponding angles are equal.

 

 

a

 

 

b

 

 

In each figure a=b, p=q, m=n, x=y

(e)When a transversal crosses parallel lines, alternate angles are equal

 

 

 

a              b

 

In each figure, the marked angles are equal.

a=b and x=y

Teacher should solves examples on this and explain better

EVALUATION :

1. Exercise 6a question 1-8 page 52

 

Angles in triangle

1. The sum of the angle of a triangle is 180

                                                            ^A

                                                               ^x

 

 

B           y                             z             C

A+B+C=180⁰

x+y+z=180⁰

2. In an isosceles triangle, the angles opposite the equal sides are equal.

B

 

 

A

C

AB=AC thus C=B

Or x=y

3. In an equilateral triangles, each angle is 60⁰

A

 

 

B

C

AB=BC=CA

Or x=y=z=60⁰

Teachers are expected to back these theorems up with good examples

Evaluation 2

Exercise 6b question 1-8 page 53

Angles in a quadrilateral

Any quadrilateral can be divided into two triangles by drawing its diagonal.

P+q+r =180⁰ (angles of  ABD)

X+y+z=180⁰

Thus

P+q+r+x+y+z=360⁰

Teacher should also solve examples on this

 

Angle in a polygon

A polygon is any closed figure which is bounded by at least three straight lines. It implies that a polygon can have more than three sides. It has thus:

NUMBER OF SIDES                     NAME OF POLYGON

3                                      Triangle

4                                      Quadrilateral

5                                      Pentagon

6                                       Hexagon

7                                        Heptagon

8                                         Octagon

9                                         Nonagon

10                                        Decagon

11                                       Undecagon

12                                        Duodecagon

A regular polygon has all sides and all angles equal.

Types of Polygon

Polygon can also be classified in the following ways

• CONVEX POLYGON: Each of its interior angles is less than 180⁰ .
• RE-ENTRANT POLYGON: One or more of its interior angles is reflex i.e. greater than 180⁰
• EQUILATERAL POLYGON: All sides are equal.
• EQUIANGULAR POLYGON: All its angles are equal
• REGULAR POLYGON: All sides are equal, all angles are also equal.

Sum of the interior angles of a polygon

For  polygon n sides there will be n-2 triangles. The sum of angles of triangle is 180⁰ or two right angles.

Thus, in degree :

The sum of the angles of an n-sided polygon =(n-2)x180⁰

Example

Calculate the size of each angle  of a regular octagon.

Solution

Number of sides of octagon is 8

The sum of angles of polygon = (n-2)x180⁰

(8-2)x 180⁰  =6×180 = 1080⁰

There are 8 angles

Each angle = 1080⁰/8 =135⁰

Teacher should be able to solve more examples

READING ASSIGNMENT: New general mathematics for junior secondary school book 2  page 51-58

WEEK-END ASSIGNMENT:   Exercise 6d question 1-10 page 56-57

WEEK 9

 TOPIC: LINEAR INEQUALITY

 SUBTOPIC: GRAPHS OF LINEAR INEQUALITY IN TWO VARIABLE

 REVISION: Inequality is a mathematical statement that compares two expressions.

 Examples: Solve the following inequalities (a) 3x+13<1  (b) 6x – 2 < 2x + 8

Solution: (a) 3x + 13 < 1

Collecting like terms

3x<1-13

3x < -12

Divide both sides by 3

3x/3 < -12/3

X < -4

(b)  6x-2<2x+8

Collecting like terms

6x-2x<8+2

4x<10

Divide both sides by 4

4x/4 < 10/4

X < 2 ½

Graphs of linear equation in two variables

An inequality involving two variables (e.g. x and y) is represented graphically as whole regions in a (2-dimensional) plane, see Example

Graph the following inequalities.

• 4x – y ≤ 8
• x≤0, y>x

Solutions:

• 4x – y ≤ 8

Let x = 0    then,    4(0) – y = 8

Y = -8

Also let y=0      then, 4x – 0 =8

X = 2

(0,-8) (2,0)              4x-y≤8

 

-1             2      3    4     5

-2

-4

-5

-6

-7

-8

(b)Points lying on the y-axis (line x= 0) and to the left of the y-axis satisfy x≤0 while points lying above the line y=x satisfy y>x. Thus the common region (shaded region) satisfies the inequality x≤0,y>x.

y

y=x

x

 

 

Teacher should do more examples for students and involve them.

  EVALUATION:

Solve the following inequalities:

• X-3>5
• 3x+3>9
• 3a-8≥5a

READING ASSIGNMENT:   New general mathematics UBE Edition page 209-213

WEEK-END  ASSIGNMENT:

Solve the inequalities

• 4-3x≤10
• 12≥3(2y-3)
• X+7<2x+4

Graph the following inequalities

• X>2,y>1
• x≤1,y>x
• 3x+2y>12

 

WEEK 10

General Revision