Noun: The Structure of Noun Phrase. Letter Writing: Informal Letter (Introduction). Vowel sounds /ͻ/,/ͻ:/,/u/,/u:/

Subject : English Grammar

Class : SS 1

Term : First Term

Week : Week 4

Topics :

Speech Work: Vowel sounds /ͻ/,/ͻ:/,/u/,/u:/

Comprehension/Summary: Identifying the topic sentence in a passage

Vocabulary Development (Words associated with Animal Husbandry (Livestock)

Structure: Noun: The Structure of Noun Phrase.

Writing Skills: Letter Writing: Informal Letter (Introduction).

 

ASPECT:  SPEECH WORK

TOPIC:  Vowels /ͻ/, /ͻ:/

Introduction: The vowels: /ͻ/ and /ͻ:/ are pure vowels.  The difference between them is that /ͻ/ is short in its manner of articulation whereas /ͻ:/ is long. However, both sounds are back vowels realised with the vocal organ (lips) rounded.

Description of the Vowel /ͻ/: This is a short, back, open rounded vowel sound.  It is produced by keeping the back of the tongue briefly at the bottom of the mouth and by keeping the lips rounded.

Features of the vowel /ͻ/

	ua	a	au	e	o	ou	ow
	quality	was	laurel	en masse	cock	cough	knowledge
	squander	want	sausage	en route	cloth
	squash	sallet	austerity	rendezvous	moth
	squat	swallow	because	entr’acte	doll
	quantity	swamp	austria	entrepreneur	dog

 

Description of the vowel /ͻ:/: This is a long, back, half open, rounded vowel sound. It is produced by keeping the back of the tongue for some time at a position mid-way, towards the open region and by keeping the lips rounded.

Features of the vowel /ͻ:/

	a	ar	au	augh	aw
	salt	war	fraud	haughty	yawn
	chalk	ward	gaul	caught	draw
	paltry	warm	fault	daughter	flaw
	call	thwart	clause	naught	saw
	install	swarm	audible	taught	hawk

More Examples:

	o	oa	or	oor	ore	ough	our	uar
	glory	roar	more	floor	ore	thought	court	quarter
	story	oar	cord	door	sore	sought	pour
	oral	boar	lord		before	nought
	glorify	broad	fork		gored
		coarse	mentor		ignore

Contrasts

/ͻ/	/ͻ:/
pot	port
cot	court
hot	halt
got	gord
pock	pork

 

EVALUATION: Transcribe the following words to phonetic symbols.

• taught
• slaughter
• drawer
•  norm
•  course

 

TOPIC: Vowel sounds / u / and /u: /

Content:

1. Description of the vowels / u / and /u: /
2. Features of the vowels
3. Contrast of the sounds

 

Introduction: Both / u / and /u: / are back rounded vowels. In the same vein they are pure vowels.

Description of the vowel /u /: This is a short, back, half- close rounded vowel sound.  It is produced by keeping the back of the tongue briefly at a position mid-way towards the close region and by keeping the lips rounded

Occurrence of the sound in words

	o	oo	ou	u
	wolf	took	courier	cuckoo
	woman	cook	could	sugar
	bosom	foot	should	pudding
		wood	would

Description of the vowel /u:/: This is a long, back, close, rounded vowel sound.  It is produced by keeping at the back of the tongue for some time at a position very close to the hard palate and by keeping the lips rounded.

Occurrence of the sound in words

	eau	eu	ew	iew	ieu	o	wo	uo
	beautify	feud	drew	view	adieu	lose	two	fluor
		neutral	threw			womb
		pneumatic	crew			tomb
		pseudonym	new			do
		rheum	stew

More Examples

	oe	eu	oo	ou	ough	u	ue	ui
	shoe	manoeuvre	boot	rouge	through	tune	revenue	cruise
	whoed		soon	coup		truth	queue	suitable
	canoe		smooth	stoup		flute	glue	lawsuit
			zoo	troup		educate	value	altruism
			broom	wound		use	virtue	bruise

Contrasts

/u/	/u:/
foot	food
pull	pool
hook	hoot
full	fool

 

ACTIVITY: Do a phonetic transcription of the following words

1. coupler
2. mushroom
3. cushion
4. plywood
5. threw

 

ASPECT: Comprehension/Summary

TOPIC:Identifying the topic sentence in a passage

CONTENT:

1. Definition of Summary
2. Keys to summary writing
3. How to determine the topic sentence

What is a summary?

Summary writing is an act of expressing ones thought in a brief and clear manner. It tests the ability to read, digest and produce some relevant facts as required by the examiner.

Key to summary writing

One finds it easier to handle a passage if one understands how the passage is organized. Every passage has a particular pattern, an order in which ideas are organized to help the reader to understand easily.

Summary passages can take any of the following patterns:

1. Topic Sentence Pattern
2. Section-Based Pattern
3. Listing Pattern
4. Mixed Pattern
5. Suggestive Pattern

 

How to determine the topic sentence

What is a topic sentence?

Topic sentence is the sentence in a summary passage which contains the main point the writer is marking in a particular paragraph. All other sentences in the paragraph either explain the point in the topic sentence or give examples.

A topic sentence can either be in form of question or statement. Ability to recognise the topic sentence depends on the understanding that it serves the main point in the paragraph while other sentences either explain the point in the topic sentence or give examples.

Example

Let us consider the following paragraph

Sprains are injuries to the ligaments which hold the joints together. Sprains occur when the ligaments are overstretched. The joints most frequently sprained are the wrists and ankles.

The passage above centres on a specific type of injury called ‘sprains’. Thus, the topic of the passage is ‘sprains’

 

EVALUATION

1. What is a topic sentence?
2. Briefly explain how to identify a topic sentence in a given passage.

 

ASPECT: Vocabulary Development

TOPIC: Words associated with Animal Husbandry (Livestock)

Livestock are domesticated animals raised in an agricultural setting to produce commodities such as food, fibre, and labour.  The term is often used to refer solely to those raised for food, and sometimes only farmed ruminants, such as cattle and goat.

The words listed below are related to livestock farming:

	grazing	breeding	rearing	pen	cattle pen
	forage	methane	feral	rooster	stable
	rodeo	nomad	raiding	tinned	cage
	pasture	wool	tending	rinderpest	encage
	manure	ranch	nomadic	cowherd	raise
	dairy	bovine	pastoral	buck	milkmaid
	rancher	hoof	annuity	feed mill	feed
	herder	veal	fodder	tame	shepherd

EVALUATION

1. What is livestock?
2. With the use of dictionary, find the meaning of the following words: bovine, ranch, rinderpest, stable, annuity, rodeo, forage, fodder, feral and wool.

 

ASPECT: STRUCTURE

TOPIC: Noun: The Structure of Noun Phrase

CONTENT:

1. Definition of Noun and functions
2. Definition of Noun Phrase
3. The structures of Noun Phrase
4. The Functions of Noun Phrase

 

What is a noun?

A noun is a naming word. It is used to refer to a person, thing or quality.

 

FUNCTIONS OF NOUNS

1. Subject of the verb. The subject performs the action of the verb and comes before the verb. Examples: Oluate banana yesterday.
2. Direct Object of a verb .The direct object receives the action of the verb. Example: The driver drove a car.
3. Indirect Object of the verb. The indirect object always answers the question ‘for/to whom’. Example: The driver drove the car to Lagos.
4. Subject Complement. The noun here completes the first noun earlier mentioned in the same sentence. Example: Jane is my friend.
5. Object Complement: The object complement completes the object in the sentence it is the same object. Example: They declared him a winner.
6. Complement of a Preposition .This is required to form prepositional phrase. Example: She put the food on the table.
7. Qualifier of another noun .In this area noun functions like an adjective. Example: I will travel during Christmas holiday
8. Appositive: This is when a noun stands beside another noun to mean the same thing or the same person. Example: The President and Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces is here.

 

What is a Phrase?

A phrase is a group of words which does not have a finite verb and does not make complete sense. A finite verb has subject, shows agreement and tense.

Types of phrases: The following are types of phrases:

1. Noun phrase (headed by a noun) Examples: a boy, the student, some people, etc.
2. Verb phrase (headed by a verb) Examples: smokes heavily, to come, would visit, etc.
3. Adverb phrase (headed by adverb) Examples: in time, in vain, on purpose, by all means, etc.
4. Preposition phrases (governed by preposition) Examples: in the garden, from the moon, by him, etc.
5. Infinitive phrase (formed by placing “to” before the root verb Examples: to come, to play, to visit, etc.

 

Definition of Noun Phrase

A noun phrase, also called anominal phrase, is a group of related words in which the main word is a noun and which functions like a noun in a sentence or clause. It is a noun or a group of words headed by a noun that can substitute for a noun in a sentence.

Examples: a blue car…

the principal…

the most dreadful road accident…

a terrible storm…

	1.	Determiner Those	+	Noun books	(Det + N) those books
	2.	Pre-modifier Popular	+	Noun books	(Pre-mod + N popular books
	3.	Determiner Some	+	Pre-modifier popular	+	Noun books	(Det + Pre-mod + N) some popular books
	4.	Noun Books	+	Post-modifier on English language	(N + Post-mod) books on English language
	5.	Determiner Some	+	Noun books	+	Post-modifier on English language	(Det + N + Post-mod) some books on English language
	6.	Pre-modifier Popular language	+	Noun books	Post-modifier on English language	(Pre-mod + N + Post-mod) popular books on English language
	7.	Determiner Some	+	pre-modifier popular	+       Noun       + books	Post-modifier on English Language	(Det + Pre-mod + N + Post-mod) [Some popular books on English Language]

 

EVALUATION:

1. Define noun phrase.
2. State these structures of noun phrase in words:

(i) Det + N

(ii) Det + N + post-mod

(iii) Pre-mod + N + post-mod

 

Functions of Noun Phrase

Noun phrase performs the following functions in the sentence:

(1). Noun Phrase as Subject: This occurs when a noun or noun phrase precedes the verb, and in some situations, is tied to the verb by an agreement of form.

Examples:

1. A good boy deserves favour.
2. The most dreadful road accident has happened.
3. A terrible storm is forecast.

(2). Noun Phrase as direct object (DO): A noun phrase follows a transitive verb.

Examples:

1. Okoro bought the book.
2. We have some interesting new neighbours.
3. I met a very charming woman at the party.

(3). Noun Phrase as indirect object (IO): If two nouns follow a transitive verb, one denoting the receiver and the other what was received. The first receiver is an indirect object.

Examples:

1. He told Olu Brown the story.
2. He gave the committee the report.

(4). Noun phrase as object complement: If a transitive verb is followed by two nouns one indicating what was affected or altered and the other indicating the result of the alteration, it is an object complement.

Examples:

1. We elected Femi a prefect.
2. Many of us considered her the best.

 

(5). Noun phrase as Subject complement: A single noun occurring to the right of the verb and referring to the person or thing as the subject is the subject complement.

Examples:

1. Haruna is
2. Odo became a doctor.

(6). Noun phrase object of preposition: A single noun ‘linked’ to some other element in a sentence by means of a preposition (for example in, on, to from, by of ,under), and immediately following the preposition, is the object of that preposition.

Examples:

1. The trader brought his money to the bank.
2. The box of chocolate is intended for your children.

(7). Noun phrase as appositives: If two nouns occur together and the second could substitute for the first, the second is called an appositive.

Examples:

1. Dr. Goodluck Jonathan, the president visits Enugu.
2. Okon, the driver is reliable.

 

EVALUATION:

1. What is a noun phrase?
2. State five functions of noun phrase in a sentence.

 

ASPECT: Writing Skills

SUB-TOPIC: Letter Writing – Informal Letter (Introduction)

Content:

1. Meaning of Informal Letter
2. Features of an Informal Letter
3. Format for informal Letter
4. Example of Informal Letter.

 

Meaning of Informal Letter

The informal letter is a personal or private letter.  It is a letter written to a brother, friend, sister, parent, or any close relation.  There is some familiarity and intimacy in the language. This means that the writer can employ:

1. Conversational method.
2. Contraction of words.
3. Colloquial expression,
4. Proverbs

Whatever expression that will create intimacy is permitted in informal letter.

 

Features of Informal Letter

Informal letter features include:

(a) Address written at the top right corner of the writing pad.

(b) The Date: This is written immediately below the address. Avoid writing your date in any of the following forms.

1. 11/2/2017
2. 11/2/17
3. 11-2-2017
4. 11^th of January, 2017.
5. 11^th January, 2017.

The date has to be properly written as: 11th March, 2017.

(c) Salutation: This comes on the left hand corner immediately after the date.  The form depends on whom you are writing to. However, whosoever you may be writing to, the salutation should be: ‘Dear + First name’ (Dear Earnest) or ‘My dear + Dan’, ‘Dear Uncle Dan’

Avoid writing your salutation in this form:

• ‘Dear uncle’, instead write ‘Dear Uncle’
• ‘My dear uncle’ instead write “My dear Uncle’
• ‘Dear father’, instead write ‘Dear Father’
• ‘Dear Friend’ is not acceptable. It should be ‘Dear’ plus the first name of your friend.

(d) The Body of the Letter: This part should be broken into paragraphs according to the intent of the letter. The opening paragraph should reflect the intimacy between the writer and the receiver. The subsequent paragraphs should discuss the subject matter properly.

(e) Subscript or closing or complimentary close: There are different ways of writing the subscript. The most acceptable type is “Yours sincerely”

(f) Signature: Actually informal letter does not require signature per se; however, to sign off the informal letter, all that is needed is the writer’s first name.

 

INFORMAL LETTER FORMAT

				Alvina’s High School,
				GRA, Effurun,
				Delta State
				18th May, 2018.
		Dear Jane,
			Body of the Letter
				Yours sincerely,
				John.

 

EVALUATION:

1. What is informal Letter?
2. State a typical example of address.

GENERAL EVALUATION

Identify the noun phrases in the following sentences and state their grammatical function

1. I hope to win the first prize.
2. My sister tried to solve the puzzle.
3. The young boy wants to go home.
4. The accused refused to answer the question.
5. The notorious criminal has been apprehended by the police.