JSS 1 FIRST TERM LESSON NOTE BASIC SCIENCE

SUBJECT: 

BASIC SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY {BST} – BASIC SCIENCE

CLASS:

 JUIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL 1

TERM:

FIRST

SCHEME OF WORK

WEEK TOPIC 

1. Living and non-living things (I) – meaning, classification and state of matter.
2. Living and non-living things (II) – characteristics of living and non-living things, examples and importance of plants and animals.
3. Living and non-living things (III) – differences between plants and animals; examples, properties and uses.
4. Living and non-living things (IV) – classification of non-living things into metals and non-metals
5. Human development – puberty, adolescence and personal hygiene

MID-TERM PROJECT

1. Family health (I) – sanitation
2. Family health (II) – nutrition
3. Family health (II) – nutrition
4. Family health (III) – drug and drug abuse
5. Reproductive system – male and female reproductive system
6. Revision
7. Examination

WEEK 1

MATTER

Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space.  Examples are a stone, sand, water, biro, air etc. All matter is made up of tiny particles called atom.

PROPERTIES OF MATTER 

1. Matter occupy space
2. Matter have mass
3. Matter is made up of particles
4. It exists in solids, liquids or gasses

CLASSIFICATION OF MATTER

Matter can be classified into two major types

1. Living Matter: This refers to things that have life in them e.g. goat, man, lion, plant etc.
2. Non-Living Matter: This refers to things that have no life in them e.g. stone, water, chair, book, etc.

STATES OF MATTER

Matter exists in three main states. These are:

1. Solid state
2. Liquid state
3. Gaseous state

Solid State

In the solid state the particles are held in fixed position.  They are arranged in a regular manner and hence have a fixed or definite shape. The particles are held together by strong force of attraction. Examples are wood, stone, nail, book, chair etc.

Liquid State

In the liquid State, the particles are not in fixed position like the solids.  The particles can move about but still restricted by the wall of the container. The force of attraction between the particles is weak, hence, liquids flow. Liquid takes the shape of the container. Examples are water, petrol, groundnut oil etc.

Gaseous State

In the gaseous state, the particles are wide apart and move about easily at very high speed.  This makes it easy to compress a large volume of gas into a small volume. Examples are air, oxygen, nitrogen, Carbon dioxide etc.

CHANGE OF STATE

This is the process by which matter changes from solid to liquid, liquid to gases or vice versa.

Evaporation

This is the process by which a substance in the liquid state changes to gas or vapour.  This takes place at normal atmospheric conditions and at any temperature.

Condensation

This is the change of gas to liquid

Boiling

This is the rapid vaporization of a liquid which occurs when a liquid is heated to its boiling point.  It occurs at a given temperature.  The temperature at which liquid boils is called boiling point.  The boiling point of water is 100oc.

Melting

This is the process by which a substance changes from the solid state to the liquid state on application of heat. The particular temperature at which the solid meets is called melting point.

CLASSWORK

1. What is matter? 
2. How many states of matter do we have? Mention them
3. Mention three examples each  under the three states of matter

ASSIGNMENT

SECTION A

1. The change of state from a solid to liquid is called (a) evaporation (b) freezing (c) melting (d) sublimation
2. In which state of matter do the particles move freely? (a) solid (b) liquid (c) gas (d) molecules
3. The change of state from a liquid to gas is called (a) evaporation (b) freezing (c) melting (d) sublimation
4. Which of the following best describes the three states of matter? (a) kerosene, steam and palm oil (b) petrol, water and stone (c) steam, water and palm oil (d) water, palm oil and stone
5. The tiny particle ha make up matter is called (a) stones (b) pebbles (c) atom (d) solid

SECTION B

1. Define the following terms: (a) evaporation (b) freezing (c) melting
2. List the three properties of matter

WEEK 2

CHARACTERISTICS OF LIVING AND NON-LIVING THINGS

Living things are things that have life in them.  Examples are man, insect, bird, fish, toad, lizard, yam, grass, etc. Living things are classified into two major group i.e. plants and animals.

Non-living things are things that have no life in them.  Examples are stone, chair, table, water, shoe, bag, salt etc.

The Characteristics of living things (Organisms) are the basic life processes that differentiate them from non-living (lifeless) things.  They can be represented by the acronym – “MR NIGER D”

1. M _ Movement
2. R _ Respiration
3. N _ Nutrition
4. I _ Irritability
5. G _ Growth
6. E _ Excretion
7. R _ Reproduction
8. D _ Death

1. Movement: This is referred to as change of position or location. It is passive in plants but active in animals
2. Respiration: This is the ability of living things to take in air.
3. Nutrition: This is the process of feeding in living things. Plants can manufacture their own food during photosynthesis while animals depend directly and indirectly on plants for food.
4. Irritability: This is the ability of living things to respond to stimuli or changes in their environment 
5. Growth: This is the irreversible increase in size and weight of an organism.  It occurs in both plants and animals.
6. Excretion: This is the process of removal of waste products or toxic (harmful) materials from the body of living things.
7. Reproduction: This is the ability of living things to produce young ones of their kind for continuity of life.
8. Death: This is defined as the end of life or the absence of life.

IMPORTANCE /USEFULNESS OF PLANTS AND ANIMALS TO HUMAN BEINGS

The following are some of the usefulness of plants and animals to man:

Usefulness of Animals To Man

1. Source of protein in food.
2. The skin of animals can be used to make belt, bags etc.
3. To carry heavy loads e.g. camels and donkeys (called beast of burden) 
4. Source of income to farmer.
5. Means of transportation by man
6. Security guards e.g. dogs 

Usefulness of Plants To Man

1. Medicinal purpose 
2. Source of timber and plywood 
3.  Source of fibres and latex
4. For beautification e.g. ornamental crops (mainly flowers and shrubs)
5. Source of food
6. To maintain oxygen-carbon(IV) balance in nature

CLASSWORK

1. What is a living thing?
2. Mention the characteristics of living things
3. Differentiate between living and nonliving things 

ASSIGNMENT

SECTION A

1. The ability of living things to take in food is called as____(a) irritability (b) movement (c) respiration (d) nutrition
2. Which of this is odd? (a) irritability (b) sleeping (c) respiration (d) nutrition
3. The process of taking in air in living things is called ____ (a) irritability (b) movement (c) respiration (d) nutrition
4. The following animal are beast burden except (a) ass (b) donkey (c) camels (d) hippopotamus
5. Which of the following is not usefulness of plants to man (a) source of food (b) source of medicine (c) for sports (d) source of vegetables

SECTION B

1. Define irritability
2. Mention four uses of plants
3. State four uses of animals

WEEK 3

CHARACTERISTICS OF LIVING THINGS 

CHARACTERISTICS OF PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Plants exist in different forms. These are:

1. Trees e.g. mango, orange, guava, pawpaw, etc.
2. Flowers such as ice plant, hibiscus, yellow bush, pride of Barbados, etc. 
3. Herbs like crotalaria, carpet grass, Bahamas grass etc.

Animals can be classified as:

1. Vertebrates e.g. man, cat, goat, sheep, cow, chicken, rabbit etc.
2. Invertebrates e.g. tse-tse fly, earthworm, cockroach etc.

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

CLASSWORK

1. Mention the two broad classification of living things 
2. Give five examples of living things and non – living things

ASSIGNMENT

SECTION A

1. Which of these following statement is true of plants (a) they have active movement (b) they do not respond to stimuli (c) they take in carbon dioxide (d) they depend on animals for food
2. Which of the following is odd? (a) earthworm (b) fish (c) man (d) lizard 
3. The following are living things except? (a) earthworm (b) air (c) insects (d) termites
4. Which of these is a flowering plant? (a) oil palm (b) pride of Barbados (c) maize plant (d) okro plant 
5. Which of these is not correct about plants (a) response to stimuli is fast (b) they do not have well developed respiratory organs (c) movement is passive (d) feeding is autotrophic

SECTION B

1. Define living things
2. State three characteristics of plants and of animals.

WEEK 4

CLASSIFICATION OF NON-LIVING THINGS INTO METALS AND NON-METALS

METALS

Metals are elements that readily form positive ions and have metallic bonds.  Examples are copper, iron, copper, etc.

Properties of Metals

1. They are good conductors of heat and electricity
2. They are lustrous i.e. shiny and can be polished.
3. They are malleable, that is, they are capable of being beaten into thin sheets.
4. They are ductile, that is, they can be drawn into thin wire.
5. They are generally strong and hard with high tensile strength 
6. They are sonorous, that is, they produce sound when struck.
7. They have high densities.
8. They have high melting and boiling points

NON-METALS

These are elements that do not have the properties of metals. Examples are sulphur, nitrogen, oxygen, chlorine. Etc.

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Properties of Non-metals

1. They are poor conductors of heat and electricity
2. They are not lustrous
3. They are not malleable
4. They are not ductile
5. They are not sonorous
6. They have low melting and boiling point
7. They have low densities

Differences between metals and non-metals

Uses of Metals

1. They are used for building houses, bridges and water tanks
2. They are used for manufacturing vehicles and aeroplanes
3. They are used for making looking utensils such as pot, kettle, etc.
4. In making cutleries like spoons, knives, forks
5. For making trophies and jewelries
6. They are used in automobile and building constructions

Uses of Non-metals

1. Wood or rubber can be used for making tool handles
2. They are used as insulators for most electrical appliances
3. Wood can be used making furniture
4. Wood is used in construction of boats and canoes
5. Used in roofing buildings
6. Plastics can be used in making containers

CLASSWORK

1. What are metals? Give three examples
2. State five examples of non-metals

ASSIGNMENT

SECITION A

1. Which of the following is not a product made from metal (a) shoe (b) burglary (c) engines (d) knife blade
2. The following are non-metals except (a) wood (b) plastic (c) rubber (d) zinc
3. Which of these can be used as insulator (i) wood (ii) rubber (iii) zinc (a) I only (b) I and II only (c) III only (d) all of the above 
4. _____ are good conductors of heat and electricity (a) metals (b) wood (c) rubber (d) plastic
5. Which of these has the lowest density (a) diamond (b) aluminum (c) plastic (d) stone

SECTION B

1. In a tabular form, state four differences between metals and non-metals.
2. State two uses of metals.

WEEK 5

HUMAN DEVELOPMENT

PUBERTY

This is the period during which growing boys and girls reach sexual maturity and become capable of reproduction. Usually, puberty starts between ages 8 and 13 in girls and ages 9 and 15 in boys.

Pubertal Changes in Boys

1. Broadening of the chest and shoulders.
2. Deepening of the voice.
3. Growth of moustache and beard.
4. Growth of hair in the armpit and chest.
5. Growth of hair in the pubic region. 
6. Increase in the size of the genitals (i.e. penis and testicles).
7. Rapid growth in height.
8. Wet dream (i.e. an involuntary discharge of semen through the penis). 

Pubertal Changes in Girls

1. Increase in breast size.
2. Growth of hair in the armpit.
3. Widening of hips.
4. Rapid growth in height.
5. Growth of hair in the pubic region.
6. Menstruation begins.

Menstruation

This is the monthly flow of blood through vagina of a female child of child-bearing age. The first occurrence of menstruation is called menarche.

Menstrual Cycle

This is the time from the first day of a woman’s menstruation to the day before her next menstruation.

Adolescence

This is the period between puberty and adulthood. It is the period in human growth and development that occurs after child hood and before adulthood from ages 10 to 19. An adolescent is a person that is going through adolescence.

Concerns at Adolescence

1. Self-consciousness
2. Struggle for acceptance by peer group
3. Development of sexual or romantic feelings i.e. sexual attraction to opposite sex.
4. The size of the body gives concern to adolescent 
5. Increase concern to be independent.

Handling Pubertal Changes (Personal care during puberty)

Pubertal changes should be handled with confidence and maturity.  Some of the means of handling pubertal changes include.

1. Bathing at least once daily
2. Frequent washing of hands especially after using toilet 
3. Maintaining a tidy appearance
4. Changing sanitary pads regularly during menstruation
5. Observing high personal hygiene.

CLASSWORK

1. What is Puberty?
2. Are you a boy or a girl? Mention five pubertal changes in your gender

ASSIGNMENT

SECTION A

1. Wet dreams is common in (a) boys who has attained puberty (b) girls who has started menstruating (c) boys who are in primary schools (d) none of the above
2. The period between puberty and adulthood is called (a) adolescence (b) adolecence (c) adolesence (d) adolescence
3. The first occurrence of menstruation is called (a) blood flow (b) menarche (c) menstruation (d) none of the above
4. Which of the following is not adolescent concern? (a) Struggle for acceptance by peer group (b) development of sexual or romantic feelings (c) the size of the breast/penis (d) Increase concern to be independent
5. Which of these is not a practice that those at puberty should not exhibit (a) Bathing at least once daily (b) Spending more time sleeping (c) Frequent washing of hands especially after using toilet (d) Maintaining a tidy appearance

SECTION B

1. Mention four pubertal changes in girls and boys
2. What is menstruation?
3. List four personal care during puberty

MIDTERM PROJECT

Using a white cardboard

• Draw your (male or female) reproductive system

• Write out how to take care of yourself so that you can remain healthy

JSS3 BASIC TECH THIRD TERM

WEEK 6

FAMILY HEALTH (1)

SANITATION

Sanitation is the process of keeping places free from dirt which causes infections, diseases and germs. This is done by removing waste products (both solid and liquid) away from the environment. It is also the process of maintaining cleanliness.

PERSONAL CLEANLINESS

This refers to the way of keeping germs from our bodies in order to maintain a healthy state.  Germs are organisms that are capable of causing diseases to our body.

PERSONAL HYGIENE

This is the practice of taking care of our body in order to lead a healthy life. The science and practice of maintaining good health through cleanliness is called hygiene.

Ways of Keeping our Body Clean

1. Clean your teeth at least twice daily.
2. Always wash your body daily by bathing.
3. Wash your hair always and comb it to make it look neat.
4. Always wash and keep your clothes neat.
5. Cut and keep your finger nails clean.
6. Wash and clean your ears regularly.
7. Clean your nose with clean handkerchief always.
8. Wash your hand before and after meal and also after using the toilet 

Advantages of Personal Hygiene

1. Good health
2. Happiness 
3. Emotional stability
4. High self-esteem
5. Social acceptability

Disadvantages of Poor/Lack of Personal Hygiene

1. It makes people prone to germs or infections 
2. Body odour and skin diseases.
3. It can lead to mouth odour, tooth decay, tooth ache etc.
4. Dirty hair can lead to the presence of lice, in the hair.
5. Germs may be swallowed if the hands are dirty.
6. Weaving of dirty clothes make one look untidy.

Levels of Personal Hygiene

The two levels if personal hygiene is:

1. Low level of personal hygiene: This occurs when someone wears clean clothes but dirty underwear, with dirty armpits, overgrown hair, dirty teeth and nails.
2. High/Optimal level of personal hygiene: This occurs when someone takes proper care of both his outward appearance and the underwear.

Factors That Leads To Low Level Personal Hygiene

1. Ignorance
2. Tradition 
3. Lack of time
4. Nonchalant attitude 

CLASSWORK

1. What is sanitation?
2. Define cleanliness
3. Mention the two levels of personal hygiene
4. List four advantages of personal hygiene

ASSIGNMENT

SECTION A

1. The following factors leads to low personal hygiene except (a) Ignorance (b) Nonchalant attitude (c) Sleeplessness (d) Tradition 
2. The science of preserving and improving health is called (a) hygiene (b) cleanliness (c) environmental sanitation (d) none of the above 
3. Which of the following is odd? (a) bath regularly (b) keep your environment clean (c) you can litter the environment with only paper waste (d) keep your finger nails clean
4. A student who practices good personal hygiene will enjoy the following except (a) vulnerability to diseases (b) happiness (c) emotional stability (d) good health
5. ____ is the process of keeping places free from dirt which causes infections, diseases and germs (a) hygiene (b) cleanliness (c) environmental sanitation (d) none of the above

SECTION B

1. What is personal hygiene?
2. What is environmental sanitation?
3. State three disadvantages of poor personal hygiene 
4. Mention five ways of keeping our body clean.

WEEKS 7 AND 8

FAMILY HEALTH (II): NUTRITION

Nutrition is the process of taking in food to get energy and maintain life. It is also called feeding in living organisms.

FOOD

Food is any substance which when eaten is used to maintain life and growth.

Importance of Food

1. To give energy
2. To maintain life
3. It makes us grow
4. To make one stay healthy
5. It helps to build the body and repair worn-out tissues
6. It enables the body to fight against diseases.

FOOD ITEMS OR FOOD STUFFS

These are items or things that we eat. Examples are rice, beans, yam, garri, fish, groundnut etc.

Meal – This is a combination of two or more food items eaten together.

Diet – This refers to the meals that we eat everyday

SOURCES OF FOOD

Food items can be classified into two sources

1. Plants 
2. Animals

Plant sources

1. Roots e.g. cassava, carrot, etc.
2. Underground stems e.g. Irish potato, yam, onion etc.
3. Fruits e.g. palm oil, tomato, guinea corn, maize etc.
4. Seeds e.g. beans, groundnut oil, rice etc.

Animal Sources

These include meat, cheese, chicken, egg etc.

CLASSES OF FOOD

Food can be grouped according to the nutrients they contain and the functions they perform:

1. Carbohydrates:

Sources: Rice, Cassava, wheat, maize, millet, potato etc.

Function: It gives us energy.

1. Protein

Source: Meat, Fish, beans, groundnut, milk, egg, melon etc.

Functions: (i) Repairs of worn-out tissues

(ii) It promote growth

(iii) It gives us energy when carbohydrates is lacking in the body.

1. Fats and oils 

Sources: Palm oil, groundnut oil, margarine, butter

Functions: (i) Act as insulator and prevent heat loss

(ii) Provides much energy

(iii) It forms part of cell membrane

(iv) It cushions body organs.

1. Vitamins

Source: Leafy vegetables, fruits (like oranges, pawpaw, etc.), egg, liver, palm oil.

Functions: (i) Promotes healthy body and growth in children.

(ii) Prevent diseases

1. Mineral salts:

Sources: Fruit, eggs, milk, dried fish, vegetables

Functions: (i) Aids the formation of good bones, teeth, blood, meat and liver

1. Water:

Source: Rain, spring, river, well

Functions: (i) component of the blood and flesh

(ii) Aids digestion

1. Roughages:

Source: Vegetables

Functions:  (i) makes food to pass through the digestive system easily.

NUTRIENTS

A nutrient is a chemical or food that provides what living things need to live a healthy life and grow well.  The different classes of food can also be called nutrients.

BALANCED DIET

It is a diet that contains the correct combination of all the classes of food in the required amount or proportions.

Importance of Balanced Diet

1. It makes us to stay healthy
2. It helps to prevent malnutrition 
3. It helps to protect the body from diseases. 

CLASSWORK

1. What is food?
2. State four importance of food
3. Mention three sources of carbohydrate

ASSIGNMENT

SECTION A

1. Which of these is not a major function of food? (a) to provide energy (b) to sustain life (c) to make us fairer (d) to make us grow
2. The following are classes of food except (a) protein (b) vitamins (c) fruits (d) carbohydrates
3. The diet that contain all the six classes of food in their right proportion is called (a) appetizer (b) balanced diet (c) complete food (d) charismas food 
4. Which of these foot items aids digestion? (a) vegetables (b) fat and oil (c) protein (d) carbohydrate
5. Which of the following is an arrangement of protein, carbohydrate and vitamin respectively (a) rice, juice and yam (b) milk, garri and palm oil (c) corn, beans and cassava (d) juice, milk and egg

SECTIOIN B

1. Define balanced diet
2. State three importance of balanced diet
3. List the classes of food
4. State two functions of protein

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WEEK 9

FAMILY HEALTH (II)

DRUG AND DRUG ABUSE

A drug is a chemical substance which affects the action of the body.

IMPORTANCE OF DRUG

1. It saves life
2. It relieves pain
3. It relieve suffering
4. It helps to fight against diseases
5. It promotes food health.

DRUG ABUSE

This is the act of using drugs without the doctor’s advice and prescription.

DRUG MISUSE

This refers to the use of drugs for purpose for which it was not intended or using a drug excessively

DRUG ADDICTION

It is a state in which a person physically or psychologically depends on a drug(s) for survival.

Causes of Drug Abuse

1. Curiosity
2. Lack of Self-Confidence
3. Peer Group Pressure
4. Excitement
5. Frustration and Stress

Side Effects of Drug Abuse

1. It leads to bad behavior such as crime, violence and murder
2. It can change the working of some of the body’s organs permanently 
3. It can damage the sense of reasoning
4. It gradually damages the liver and other delicate organs in the body.

Sources of Drugs

1. Alcohol
2. Tobacco/Cigarettes
3. Cocaine
4. Marijuana

CLASSWORK

1. What is drug?
2. State two uses of drugs
3. Define drug abuse and state effects of it.

ASSIGNMENT

SECTION A

1. The following are sources of drugs except (a) cocaine (b) tobacco (c) gum (d) marijuana
2. Which of these is not importance of drug? (a) it saves life (b) it induces suffering (c) it relieves pains (d) it helps to fight against diseases
3. Drug addiction is caused by which of these? (a) self-control (b) curiosity (c) effect of good company (d) control of emotion
4. The following are side effects of drug addiction except (a) it leads to committing crime (b) it can affect some organs of the body (c) it can cause mental disorder (d) it can increase proper reasoning
5. A chemical substance which affects the action of the body is called (a) food (b) diet (c) drug (d) natural resources

SECTION B

1. Differentiate between drug abuse and drug misuse
2. State three causes of drug abuse
3. Define drug addiction
4. List two sources of drugs.

WEEK 10

REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

Reproduction is the ability of living organism to produce young ones of their kind. It is necessary for the continuity of life.

TYPES OF REPRODUCTION

There are two main types of reproduction

1. Asexual reproduction
2. Sexual Reproduction 

Asexual Reproduction: This is the type of reproduction that involves only one parent.  Examples are vegetative reproduction, binary fission etc.

Sexual Reproduction: This involves the female and male sexes. The female produces a sex cell or gamete called ovum or egg. The male produces the male gametes called sperms.  The nuclei of the gametes from both sexes fuse during fertilization. Fertilization is the fusion of the male and the female sex cell to form zygote.

PARTS OF THE MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM AND THEIR FUNCTIONS 

Care of the Male Reproductive Organs

1. Bath and shower daily
2. Avoid tight underwear and clothing 
3. Eat a healthy and well-balanced diet 
4. Wear protective gear when playing contact sports 

PARTS OF THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM AND THEIR FUNCTIONS

Care of the Female Reproductive Organs

1. Take bath daily (day and night)
2. Avoid taking illegal drugs.
3. Females should always wear good, clean panties
4. Use a clean toilet to avoid vaginal infection.
5. Take balanced diet regularly
6. In case of any abnormalities, see the gynecologist immediately.

CLASSWORK

1. What is reproduction?
2. List the two types of reproduction
3. Define asexual reproduction

ASSIGNMENT

SECTION A

1. The fusion of the male and the female sex cell is called (a) fertilization (b) conception (c) menstruation (d) pregnancy
2. The type of reproduction that involve only single parent is called (a) sexual reproduction (b) bi-sexual reproduction (c) asexual reproduction (d) isolated reproduction
3. Which of the following organ is associated with the female reproductive system (a) testes (b) ovary (c) urethra (d) penis 
4. The male sex cell is called (a) penis (b) testis (c) sperm (d) scrotum
5. The part of the female reproduction that receives the penis during copulation is called (a) anus (b) vagina (c) womb (d) ova

SECTION B

1. What is sexual reproduction?
2. In a tabular form, state three differences between the male and female reproductive systems.
3. State the functions of the following male and female reproductive organs:

1. Testes
2. Scrotal sac
3. Vagina 
4. Ovary

WEEK 11

Revision

WEEK 12

Examination

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