JSS 1 THIRD TERM LESSON NOTE AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE

SCHEME OF WORK FOR:

(J.S.S. 1)

WEEK 1 Factor of production ; Land

“ 2 Labour

“ 3 Capital

“ 4 Farm Management

“ 5 Farm Manager

“ 6 Mid – Term Test

“ 7 Field Trip

“ 8 Functions of Farm Manager

“ 9 Problems of Farm Manager

“ 10 Revision

“ 11 Revision

“ 12 Examination

WEEK 1

FACTORS OF PRODUCTION

LAND

Definition: Land refers to where productive activities such as growing of crops, rearing of animals and establishment of farmstead, etc, are carried out.

Features of Land

(i) Land is one of the factors of production.

(ii) Land is the gift of nature or a natural resource.

(iii) It is immobile and a fixed factor.

(iv) It is subject to the law of diminishing returns.

(v) Land also includes soil, mineral, water and vegetation.

(vi) The reward for land is rent collected from tenants.

(vii) Availability is subject to the Land Use Act in Nigeria.

(viii) It can be used as a collateral for loans.

(ix) It is limited in supply especially in highly populated areas.

(x) Its suitability influences output.

(xi) Its quality can be improved by various methods.

(xii) Its value is determined by its location.

(xiii) Land can appreciate or depreciated.

Importance of Land in an Agricultural Enterprise

(i) Land is used for the cultivation of food crops such as maize, rice, cowpea, etc.

(ii) It is also used for the cultivation of cash crops, e.g., cocoa, rubber, oil palm, etc.

(iii) It is used for the rearing of animals.

(iv) It is used for forest development.

(v) It is used for fish pond development.

(vi) It is used for wildlife conservation

(vii) Land is used as collateral for securing loans from banks.

Evaluation

1. Land refers to _______ where productive activities are carried out.
a) the market
b) the city
c) the area

2. Land is one of the _______ of production.
a) outcomes
b) factors
c) results

3. Land is considered a _______ or natural resource.
a) man-made creation
b) gift of nature
c) result of technology

4. Land is _______ and a fixed factor.
a) flexible
b) movable
c) immobile

5. Land is subject to the law of _______ returns.
a) diminishing
b) increasing
c) constant

6. Land includes soil, mineral, water, and _______.
a) air
b) sunlight
c) vegetation

7. The reward for land is _______ collected from tenants.
a) wages
b) interest
c) rent

8. Availability of land is subject to the _______ Act in Nigeria.
a) Agricultural
b) Land Use
c) Resource Management

9. Land can be used as _______ for loans.
a) a source
b) a guarantee
c) a payment

10. Land is limited in _______ especially in highly populated areas.
a) demand
b) supply
c) quantity

11. The suitability of land influences _______.
a) the weather
b) output
c) transportation

12. The quality of land can be improved by _______ methods.
a) agricultural
b) industrial
c) educational

13. The value of land is determined by its _______.
a) size
b) location
c) age

14. Land can _______ or depreciate.
a) dissolve
b) appreciate
c) decrease

15. Land can be used for growing _______.
a) livestock
b) crops
c) machinery

16. Land is an important factor in _______ production.
a) human
b) agricultural
c) industrial

17. Land can be leased for _______ purposes.
a) recreational
b) educational
c) medical

18. Land can provide a source of _______ for farmers.
a) energy
b) transportation
c) employment

19. Land plays a vital role in _______ conservation.
a) water
b) air
c) energy

20. Land can be classified as _______ or unproductive.
a) fertile
b) barren
c) populated

[mediator_tech]

Questions,1What is land,?

2.State five features of land

3.The reward of land is …….

WEEK 2

LABOUR

Definition: Labour includes all forms of productive human efforts put into or utilized in production. It also refers to man’s mental and physical exertions generated in the process of production.

Features of Labour

(i) Labour is also one of the factors of production

(ii) Human efforts can be intellectual or mental, manual or physical, provided it is directed towards the production of goods and services.

(iii) Labour is mobile and has feelings and cannot be used anyhow.

(iv) Labour exists in three kinds; these are:

1. Skilled Labour (White Collar Jobs): highly educated and technical to provide the expertise for farm operations.
2. Semi-skilled Labour: Averagely educated to perform simple farm operations.
3. Unskilled Labour: (Brown Collar Jobs) These are illiterates that provide

(v) The unit of labour is man-hours or man-days.

(vi) The reward for labour is wages and salaries.

(vii) It converts natural resources into usable products.

(viii) It is a variable asset.

(ix) Its size and quality influence production or output.

(x) Its output can be improved by training.

Forms of Labour available to the farmer include:

Family Labour

1. This refers to the labour provided by the man, his wife and children, i.e, the farmer’s family).
2. It involves the head of the family as the operator/manager.
3. He organizes the family labour by himself.
4. He assigns job to each member of the family.
5. This is the major source of labour available to the farmer and it is very cheap.

Personal Labour: This is the labour provided by the owner of the farm.

Communal Labour: This is the kind of labour provided by neighbours and the community.

Hired or Paid Labour

1. This is the kind of labour that is paid either daily or they receive salary at the end of the month.
2. It is common where a farmer has large farm size.
3. Hired labour is engage either in a permanent or time-rated basis.
4. The farmer pays for each labour.
5. It is not readily available; hence, expensive.

Importance of Labour in Agricultural Enterprise

1. It uses other factors for production.
2. Intellectual labour ensures high agricultural production.
3. Skilled labour provides the expertise required for major farm operation.
4. Labour ensures the success of any agricultural enterprise.
5. It provides the services required to achieve the various stages of agricultural production.

[mediator_tech]

Question,1.What is labour?

2.State five features of labour.

3.What is skilled labour,

1. Labour includes all forms of _______ efforts put into or utilized in production.
a) human
b) animal
c) machine

2. Labour can be _______ or physical, provided it is directed towards production.
a) intellectual
b) artistic
c) emotional

3. Labour is _______ and has feelings and cannot be used anyhow.
a) mobile
b) flexible
c) sensitive

4. Skilled Labour refers to highly educated and technical individuals who provide expertise for _______ operations.
a) agricultural
b) industrial
c) administrative

5. Semi-skilled Labour is averagely educated to perform _______ operations.
a) complex
b) simple
c) specialized

6. Unskilled Labour refers to _______ individuals who provide labor but are illiterate.
a) educated
b) literate
c) illiterate

7. The unit of labour is _______ or man-days.
a) machine-hours
b) man-hours
c) workdays

8. The reward for labour is _______ and salaries.
a) profits
b) wages
c) dividends

9. Labour converts natural resources into _______ products.
a) raw
b) usable
c) waste

10. Labour is a _______ asset.
a) fixed
b) variable
c) tangible

11. The size and quality of labour influence _______ or output.
a) production
b) demand
c) investment

12. The output of labour can be improved through _______.
a) technology
b) training
c) outsourcing

13. Family Labour refers to the labour provided by the _______.
a) owner of the farm
b) farmer’s family
c) hired workers

14. Personal Labour refers to the labour provided by the _______ of the farm.
a) employees
b) animals
c) owner

15. Communal Labour refers to the labour provided by _______ and the community.
a) neighbors
b) relatives
c) contractors

16. Hired or Paid Labour is the kind of labour that is _______.
a) voluntary
b) unpaid
c) remunerated

17. Hired labour is engaged either on a _______ basis.
a) permanent
b) temporary
c) seasonal

18. The farmer pays for each _______.
a) product
b) equipment
c) labour

19. Hired labour is not readily available; hence, it can be _______.
a) scarce
b) abundant
c) unpredictable

20. Hired labour is more _______ compared to family labour.
a) efficient
b) expensive
c) flexible

WEEK 3

CAPITAL

Definition: Capital includes all man-made productive assets which are used in production. In other words, these are assets made by man to enable him to produce goods and services.

Features of Capital

(i) Capital is also a factor of production.

(ii) Examples of capital include, hoe, cutlass, tractor, farm building, cash in hand, plough, etc.

(iii) It can depreciate or appreciate.

(iv) Sources of capital include personal savings, banks, government agencies, cooperative societies, etc.

(v) The reward for capital is interest.

(vi) It is a stock of assets used in production.

(vii) It is used to purchase farm inputs, e.g., seeds, agro-chemicals used as working capital.

(viii) It is used to acquire other factors, e.g., land and labour.

(ix) It is obtained in form of loans or subsidies.

(x) Capital is grouped into two classes:

(a) Fixed Capital: These are capital or assets purchased for continuous use in production. In other words, these are items or materials which are not uses up during production. Examples of fixed capital include: farm building, motor vehicles, farm tools and implements, land furniture and fittings, incubators, ploughs, harrows, tractors, milking machines, feeders, drinkers, hoes, irrigation equipment, etc.

(b) Working or Variable Capital: These are capital or assets which are used up during the process of production. Examples include: water, feeds, drugs, cash in hand, vaccines, litters, fertilizers, seeds, chemicals, etc.

Importance of Capital in Agricultural Enterprise

1. Working capital is used in the day–to-day running of the farm enterprise.
2. Working capital is used for paying wages.
3. Working capital is used for the purchase of farm inputs, maintenance services on the farm, and feeding of livestock, etc.
4. Fixed capital in form of immovable houses and farmsteads provide shelter for farm operations.
5. Fixed capital in form of machinery provides farm power for farm operations.
6. Fixed capital is used to generate more funds and the success of farm enterprises usually depends on the maximum use of these capital assets.
7. Working capital helps to facilitate farm expansion or increase in farm size.
8. Capital is used to establish farm enterprise.

[mediator_tech]

Evaluation

1. Fixed capital in the form of _______ provides farm power for farm operations.
a) labor
b) machinery
c) livestock

2. Fixed capital is used to generate more _______.
a) labor
b) funds
c) crops

3. The success of farm enterprises usually depends on the maximum use of these _______ assets.
a) capital
b) natural
c) labor

4. Working capital helps to facilitate farm expansion or increase in _______ size.
a) machinery
b) labor
c) farm

5. Capital is used to establish _______ enterprises.
a) industrial
b) commercial
c) farm

6. Fixed capital provides _______ for farm operations.
a) funds
b) resources
c) power

7. Capital assets contribute to the _______ of farm enterprises.
a) success
b) failure
c) expansion

8. Working capital facilitates _______ or increase in farm size.
a) labor efficiency
b) technological advancements
c) farm expansion

9. Capital assets can be used to _______ more funds.
a) generate
b) save
c) invest

10. Farm enterprises rely on _______ use of capital assets.
a) minimal
b) maximum
c) moderate

11. Working capital helps _______ farm expansion.
a) hinder
b) facilitate
c) discourage

12. Capital is necessary for _______ establishment.
a) farm
b) market
c) transportation

13. Fixed capital assets include _______.
a) labor
b) land
c) machinery

14. Capital assets contribute to the _______ of farm operations.
a) productivity
b) sustainability
c) marketability

15. Working capital allows for _______ of farm operations.
a) expansion
b) contraction
c) stagnation

16. Capital assets can _______ the success of farm enterprises.
a) determine
b) limit
c) decrease

17. Working capital helps _______ in farm size.
a) decrease
b) stabilize
c) increase

18. Capital assets are essential for _______ productivity.
a) decreasing
b) maximizing
c) maintaining

19. Working capital enables _______ of farm enterprises.
a) diversification
b) consolidation
c) decentralization

20. Capital is utilized to _______ farm enterprises.
a) establish
b) dismantle
c) replace

Questions

1,What is capital.

2.State two types of capital.

3.State five features of capital.

WEEK 4-5.

MANAGEMENT OR ENTREPRENEUR

Management refers to the person or group of persons who co-ordinate, organize and control the use of other factors of production. In other words, the person(s) who combine other factors of production (land, labour and capital) to produce goods and services is called the entrepreneur or management. Management determines when to produce, what to produce, type of production, supervises work, recruits workers, determine what to sell in order to make profit. The profitability of the farm depends on the management.

Features of Management

(i) It involves the management skills of an individual or group of persons.

(ii) Management influences the organization of other production factors.

(iii) It 7co-ordinates and controls other factors of production.

(iv) It is involved in decision making.

(v) It determines the level of pay or wages.

(vi) Management reward is profit.

(vii) The quality of management influences the output.

(viii) The cost of management is determined by its quality.

In agriculture, the farm manager is usually regarded as the entrepreneur whose duties include the organization, administration, production and marketing of produce from the farm. The reward for management is profit.

Questions1.What is management?

2,List five features of management,

1. Management refers to the person or group of persons who _______ the use of other factors of production.
a) control
b) own
c) disregard

2. The person(s) who combine other factors of production to produce goods and services is called the _______.
a) labor
b) entrepreneur
c) investor

3. Management determines when to produce, what to produce, type of production, supervises work, recruits workers, and determines what to sell in order to make _______.
a) loss
b) profit
c) revenue

4. The profitability of the farm depends on the _______.
a) location
b) size
c) management

5. Management involves the _______ skills of an individual or group of persons.
a) marketing
b) management
c) technical

6. Management influences the organization of _______ production factors.
a) agricultural
b) financial
c) natural

7. Management _______ and controls other factors of production.
a) coordinates
b) ignores
c) eliminates

8. Management is involved in _______ making.
a) decision
b) profit
c) resource

9. Management determines the level of _______ or wages.
a) pay
b) productivity
c) investment

10. The reward for management is _______.
a) profit
b) salary
c) recognition

11. The quality of management influences the _______.
a) output
b) cost
c) risk

12. The cost of management is determined by its _______.
a) location
b) size
c) quality

13. In agriculture, the farm manager is usually regarded as the _______.
a) worker
b) entrepreneur
c) laborer

14. The duties of the farm manager include organization, administration, production, and _______ of produce from the farm.
a) importation
b) marketing
c) consumption

15. The reward for management in agriculture is _______.
a) profit
b) bonus
c) subsidy

16. The farm manager acts as the _______ of the farm.
a) supervisor
b) investor
c) coordinator

17. Management plays a crucial role in the _______ of the farm.
a) productivity
b) maintenance
c) regulation

18. The success of the farm depends on effective _______.
a) management
b) irrigation
c) machinery

19. The farm manager is responsible for making _______ decisions.
a) financial
b) political
c) social

20. Management is responsible for optimizing _______ in the farm.
a) resources
b) profits
c) investments

[mediator_tech]

WEEK 8.

FUNCTIONS OF A FARM MANAGER

The functions of a farm manager can be grouped into five major headings: (a) Organisation (b) Administration (c) Production (d) Marketing and (e) Evaluation.

(a) Organisation

(i) The farm manager secures suitable land for farming.

(ii) He determines what to produce.

(iii) He determines the scale of production.

(iv) He procures loan or capital for farming.

(v) recruits or employs labour or workers for the farm.

(vi) He decides on which enterprise(s) to undertake, given the available resources, e.g. fish farming, rice production, etc.

(b) Administration

(i) A farm manager supervises the work on the farm.

(ii) He arranges work roasters.

(iii) He directs staff on day-to-day activities.

(iv) He makes arrangement for staff welfare.

(v) He rewards or disciplines staff according to their performance.

(vi) He organizes the training of manpower in the farm.

(vii) He maintains good labour relations to avoid the disruption of farm activities.

(viii) He acquaints himself with government agricultural policies with respect to opportunities and constraints they pose on the farm.

(c) Production

(i) A farm manager is responsible for the purchase and use of farm inputs.

(ii) He ensures the health of animals/crops on the farm.

(iii) He makes arrangement for general security of the farm.

(iv) He ensures the adequate supply of feeds.

(v) He adheres to modern farming techniques.

(vi) He avoids waste by efficient use and maintenance of farm resources.

(vii) He combines resources to yield optimum profit.

(viii) He sets production targets and wage level.

(d) Marketing

(i) The farm manager determines the quantity of produce to sell.

(ii) He determines the best marketing channel to use to make maximum profits.

(iii) He determines when to sell to make maximum profit.

(iv) He determines at what price to sell.

(v) He may also be responsible for the processing of farm produce.

(vi) He monitors marketing trends in order to decide on commodities to produce in his farm.

(vii) He arranges for storage and warehousing of unsold produce.

[mediator_tech]

(i) He keeps the general records of the farm.

(ii) He supervises accounts and book-keeping of all operations on the farm.

(iii) He analyses farm operations with respect to targets and objectives.

(iv) He assesses the staffing conditions.

(v) He develops new strategies for further improvement of farm operations.

Question 1

State five functions of a farm manager.

2.Explain the following

1. Organisation,

2Administration,

21. The farm manager determines the _______ of produce to sell.
a) quality
b) quantity
c) variety

22. He determines the _______ marketing channel to use to make maximum profits.
a) traditional
b) digital
c) random

23. He determines _______ to sell to make maximum profit.
a) where
b) when
c) how

24. He determines at _______ price to sell.
a) what
b) which
c) what

25. He may also be responsible for the _______ of farm produce.
a) production
b) processing
c) packaging

26. He monitors marketing trends in order to decide on _______ to produce in his farm.
a) commodities
b) machinery
c) labor

27. He arranges for storage and _______ of unsold produce.
a) distribution
b) packaging
c) warehousing

28. The farm manager ensures _______ of produce to maximize profits.
a) quality control
b) quantity control
c) price control

29. He conducts market research to identify _______ opportunities.
a) investment
b) export
c) growth

30. The farm manager develops _______ strategies to reach target markets.
a) marketing
b) production
c) financial

31. He collaborates with suppliers and buyers to _______ farm produce.
a) distribute
b) import
c) promote

32. The farm manager evaluates _______ to determine profitability.
a) market demand
b) weather conditions
c) government regulations

33. He utilizes pricing strategies to _______ competitive advantage.
a) maintain
b) lose
c) gain

34. The farm manager establishes and maintains _______ with customers.
a) relationships
b) contracts
c) disputes

35. He coordinates sales and _______ activities.
a) marketing
b) production
c) financial

36. The farm manager adapts marketing strategies to _______ consumer needs.
a) meet
b) ignore
c) control

37. He assesses market risks and implements _______ measures.
a) risk-taking
b) risk management
c) risk avoidance

38. The farm manager engages in _______ efforts to promote farm produce.
a) branding
b) production
c) conservation

39. He conducts market surveys to identify _______ and competitors.
a) trends
b) opportunities
c) challenges

40. The farm manager develops pricing policies to _______ profitability.
a) maximize
b) minimize
c) maintain

WEEK 8.

Problems of a Farm Manager

Problems which a farm manager may face during the course of discharging his duties include:

(1) Inadequate Information: He may lack information on where to buy farm inputs, or acquire information on new innovations, current prices of farm produce, etc.

(2) Problems of Marketing: He may not know how and where to sell he produce, at what time to sell and at which price to sell to make maximum profit.

(3) Inadequate Farm Input: Farm input like seeds, feed, fertilizers, chemicals, etc, may be inadequate, scarce and expensive to get.

(4) Financial Problems: He may not have enough capital. Banks may not provide loans and produce may not sell at the right price to make more money to reinvest in the business.

(5) Inadequate Personnel: He may not get the right management team to work on the farm. They may be too expensive to employ for the farm.

(6) Government Policies: Bad government policies like importation of food which are also produced by the farm manager may led to losses, discouragement and may even result in the folding up of the business.

(7) Transport Problems: He may not have a vehicle to do the running around, to deliver farm input and to take farm produce to the market.

(8) Administration Problems: He may lack the technical know-how, good human relationship with staff, and the condition of his health may affect the performance of his duties.

Question

State and explain five problems of a farm manager.

[mediator_tech]

41. Inadequate _______ can pose a problem for the farm manager.
a) information
b) labor
c) machinery

42. Problems of _______ can hinder the farm manager’s ability to sell produce effectively.
a) marketing
b) production
c) transportation

43. The farm manager may face challenges in acquiring _______ farm inputs.
a) quality
b) inexpensive
c) adequate

44. Financial problems, such as lack of _______ capital, can affect the farm manager’s operations.
a) human
b) financial
c) natural

45. Inadequate _______ may hinder the farm manager’s ability to manage the farm effectively.
a) personnel
b) infrastructure
c) technology

46. The farm manager may encounter difficulties due to unfavorable _______ policies.
a) government
b) market
c) environmental

47. Transport problems can impede the farm manager’s ability to _______ farm inputs and produce.
a) market
b) distribute
c) store

48. Administration problems, such as a lack of _______ know-how, can impact the farm manager’s performance.
a) technical
b) financial
c) legal

49. The farm manager’s ability to establish _______ relationships with staff can influence farm operations.
a) efficient
b) friendly
c) professional

50. The farm manager’s health condition can affect his _______ to fulfill his duties effectively.
a) motivation
b) ability
c) willingness

51. Inadequate _______ can limit the farm manager’s decision-making process.
a) education
b) experience
c) resources

52. The farm manager may face challenges in accessing _______ to reinvest in the business.
a) loans
b) subsidies
c) grants

53. The farm manager may struggle with _______ due to importation of competing food products.
a) profitability
b) marketing
c) competitiveness

54. The farm manager may encounter difficulties in acquiring _______ to deliver farm inputs and transport produce.
a) vehicles
b) equipment
c) laborers

55. Inadequate _______ can hinder the farm manager’s ability to make informed decisions.
a) data
b) market research
c) technology

56. The farm manager may face _______ in dealing with administrative tasks such as record-keeping and documentation.
a) challenges
b) opportunities
c) advancements

57. The farm manager may encounter challenges in complying with _______ regulations and requirements.
a) financial
b) legal
c) environmental

58. The farm manager may struggle with _______ of produce due to lack of storage facilities.
a) distribution
b) marketing
c) wastage

59. Inadequate _______ can hinder the farm manager’s ability to adapt to changing market conditions.
a) skills
b) technology
c) infrastructure

60. The farm manager may face challenges in maintaining _______ relations with suppliers, buyers, and stakeholders.
a) harmonious
b) profitable
c) strategic

THIRD TERM EXAMINATION FOR JUNIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL JSS 1 AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE

JSS 1 EXAMS QUESTIONS THIRD TERM AGRIC

Define the term crop farming (Jss 1 Agric Third Term Exams)

JSS 1 EXAMS QUESTIONS THIRD TERM AGRIC