Junior Secondary  School Business Studies JSS 3

THIRD TERM E – LEARNING NOTES

JSS 3

SUBJECT: BUSINESS STUDIES

CLASS: JSS 3 (BASIC 9)

Subject : 

Business Studies

Term :

THIRD TERM

Week:

Week 2

Class :

JSS 3

Topic :

Applied Keyboarding: (a) Types of paper sizes, uses of each type, number of spaces available on each type: i. Horizontally ii. Vertically (b) Display: i. Methods- : horizontal, vertical, blocked. Ii. Types of display headings- main headings, sub-headings, shoulder heading, side heading.

Previous lesson : 

The pupils have previous knowledge of

Behavioural objectives :

At the end of the lesson, the pupils should be able to

• Explain the types of paper sizes 
• Explain types of display heading

Instructional Materials :

• Wall charts
• Pictures
• Related Online Video
• Flash Cards

Methods of Teaching :

• Class Discussion
• Group Discussion
• Asking Questions
• Explanation
• Role Modelling
• Role Delegation

Reference Materials :

• Scheme of Work
• Online Information
• Textbooks
• Workbooks
• 9 Year Basic Education Curriculum
• Workbooks

Content :

.

Topic: APPLIED KEYBOARDING

CONTENT: i. Meaning of Keyboarding

ii. Types of paper sizes

iii. Uses of each type

iv. Number of spaces available on each type

v. Display[mediator_tech]

Sub-Topic

1: MEANING OF KEYBOARDING; TYPES OF PAPER SIZES; USES OF EACH TYPE

Keyboarding is the process of using a machine like typewriter or computer to process data into a mail able form for future reference.

TYPES OF PAPER SIZES

In an office you will come across seven (7) different sizes of papers and they are referred to as A-series. These include A_1, A_2, A_3, A _4, A_5, A₆ and A₇. The most common of these paper sizes are A_4, A₅ and A₆ papers, others include memo, quarto , octavo and foolscap. The paper sizes are stated below as follows

Paper Correct size

A_{6 ———————————————————————————-} 105 × 148 mm

A_{5 ——————————}landscape_{——————————-} 210 × 140 mm

A_{5 ——————————}portrait————————148 × 210 mm

A_{4 ———————————————————————————-} 210 × 297 mm

Octavo (8vo) —————————————127 × 205 mm

Memo ———————————————– 205 × 127 mm

Quarto (4to) —————————————– 205 × 254 mm

Foolscap (fep) —————————————-205 × 330 mm

Good quality typing sheets are very necessary for good type writing jobs. More of those papers will be treated as we go further in the type writing studies.

USES OF THE TYPES OF PAPER SIZES

The A-series paper sizes are used for different purposes as stated below.

A₁ – Its sizes is 420mm x 594mm and it is used for structural drawings, estate and building sketching.

A₂ – All paper sizes can be obtained from A₁ and when it is folded we will get two A₂ papers. Its measures is 841mm x 514mm and it is used for newspaper production e.g. Guardian, Sunday times, Daily times newspapers etc.

A₃ – Its size is 420mm x 297mm and when folded once it becomes an A₄ paper. It is used for photocopying large documents and secondary school simple building drawings.

A₄ – This is used for lengthy memoranda letters, reports and literacy works and photocopying smaller documents and its size is 210mm x 297mm. When A₄ is folded twice each half becomes an A₅ paper

A₅ – Its size is determined by whichever side is used. It is used for short memo card, short letters, personal correspondence, short business letters and advertisement, when it is used sideways it becomes A₅ landscape but when used with shorter side up it becomes A₅ portrait. It sizes are 210mm x 148mm and two A₆ paper can be gotten from it.

A₆ – This paper is used for post cards, index cards, invitation cards and when folded once, one half forms A₇ and its size is 105mm x 148mm.

A₇ – This paper type is used for business cards, complementary cards.

Apart from the paper sizes discussed above we have traditional papers like foolscap, quarto, sixmo, memo, octavo, brief and draft.

Foolscap (fep) is used for long document and legal work.

Quarto(4to) is used for medium letters.

Sixmo(6mo) is use for correspondence.

Octovo(8vo) is use for short messages

You have learnt that there are ten characters on a pica faced typewrite while on an elite faced typewriter there are twelve characters to an inch(25mm). There are six single line spaces to every 25mm typed vertically down a page of paper whether the type is in pica or elite.

EVALUATION

1. What are the dimensions of sizes A4 and A5 papers?
2. How many paper sizes do we have?[mediator_tech]

Sub-Topic

2: HORIZONTAL TYPING LINE SPACES

(12 SPACES 1”(25mm) FOR ELITE) ( 10 SPACES 1”(25mm)FOR PICA.

PAPER SIZE PORTRAIT LANDSCAPE

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT

1. What is the horizontal and vertical line spaces in elite and pica on A5 paper size?.
2. Mention two (2) uses of A_5, A_4, A₆ papers.
3. State the two typing line spaces.
4. Itemize the traditional paper sizes.

NUMBER OF SPACES AVAILABLE ON EACH TYPE OF PAPER SIZES AND TYPRWRITTER SPACE

_DISPLAY

Display is the centralization of matters like notice, menus, itineraries programmes and a host of others on A₄ or A₅ papers in a beautiful and acceptable way. This can be done horizontally or vertically on typing papers. Display is also the orderly, eye catching arrangement of materials on a paper with emphasis on the important parts of the material so that the message is immediately conveyed to the reader.

METHODS OF DISPLAY

Horizontal Display

Horizontal display is to Centre a word or words in the middle of a page so that there is equal space on the left and right sides of the page. The backspacing method is used for horizontal display and the following procedures are to be done,

• Move the margin stops to the extreme left and right and clear all tabular stops.
• Insert the paper with the left edge at 0 on the paper scale.
• Check the number of horizontal typing spaces at the right end with the aid of the paper scale, this will give you the total spaces available from left to right of the typing paper(use the typing line spaces across the page.
• Divide the total spaces by two to find the Centre of the paper.
• Move the carriage to the Centre point.
• Set a tabular stop on that Centre point.
• Back space once for every two letters or spaces in the typing line.
• Ignore any odd number.
• Begin typing line at the point reached through backspacing.[mediator_tech]

The number of horizontal spaces in the full width and Centre points of A₄ and A₅ papers are as follows. It should be noted that the number of spaces to an inch in elite is 12, pica 10 ( 25mm) ,in order to centralize a sentence like Adeori company limited horizontally on A₄ paper, the following steps should be taken:

• The sentence including the spaces in between should be counted.
• The counted number should be deducted from the total number of spaces on the A₄ paper; 100 for elite and 82 for pica.
• Divide the remaining number into two
• Set the left edge of the paper at ‘0’, move margin stops to extreme left and right on the carriage scale.
• Count the divided numbers from scale ‘0’ which you had already set at the left edge of the paper
• Type the sentence,.

Example

Full width Centre Points

Elite Pica Elite Pica

A₄ paper (210 x 297 mm) 100 82 50 41

A₅ landscape paper 210x 148 mm 100 82 50 41

A₅ portrait paper 148 x 210 mm 70 59 35 29

Class exercise

1. Centralize the following sentences on a sheet of A₅ landscape in double line spacing as explained above: THE BANNER CHRISTIAN SCHOOL YOLA IS CELEBRATING IT’S 15^TH YEAR ANNIVESARY. YOU ARE ALL INVITED. COME ONE COME ALL.
2. Type the following on A₅ landscape paper (210 x 145 mm) in double line spacing centering each line horizontally. Turn down 12 single –line spaces from the top edge of the paper.

Copy-typist

Wanted immediately

Apply to

The Advertiser,

Ibadan, Oyo state

1. Type the following on A5 (landscape) in double line spacing , note that the number of spaces to backspace has been worked out for you.

No. of characters No. of backspaces

(24 spaces) Nigerian postal services (12 spaces)

(18 spaces) Keyboarding studio (9spaces)

(12 spaces) Airport hotel (6 spaces)

(24 spaces) Bisi Goddess of the river (12 spaces)

(28 spaces) Junior Secondary Keyboarding (14 spaces)

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT

Type the following display of a notice on A5 (portrait) in double line spacing, work out the number of spaces that you will backspace.

Super Story

Cock Crow at Dawn

Village Headmaster.

Samanja

General Post Office

Miss Universe Contest

Jos Wild Life Park

Type the following display of a notice on A5 (portrait) using double line spacing. Centre each line horizontally.

CLERK TYPIST

Required for

Nigerian Postal Services.

Apply by letter, as soon as possible to

Head Postmaster

General Post Office

Hospital Road

Port Harcourt.

Vertical Display

This is the arrangement of materials on the page so that there are the same number of blank lines at the top and bottom. There are two methods of displaying information vertically and these are-

Mathematical method and backspacing methods.

Mathematical method includes the following steps.

• Find the number of typing lines from the top to bottom of the page
• Count the number of lines and blank lines the display will occur(that is lines of type and lines of spaces between them)
• Subtract this total from the number of lines down the page.
• Divide the answer by two to give equal line spaces above and below the typing, ignore any fraction.
• Insert paper and make sure the left edge is at 0 on the paper scale and that the top edge is level with the alignment scales.
• Turn up the number of spaces calculated for the top margin plus one space.
• Type the display, centre each line horizontally. Turn up twice when it is necessary to leave one line space.

This display gives a number of single lines spaces to a page on A₄ and A₅ papers as follows:[mediator_tech]

A₄ (210 x 297 mm) – 70 single line spaces

A₅ landscape paper (210 x 148 mm) – 35 single line spaces

A₅ portrait paper (148 x 210 mm) – 50 single line spaces

There are 6 (six) single line spaces to 1 inch which is 25mm. To centralize matter vertically on the sheet of paper, the following steps should be taken.

• Count the number of lines including blank lines that matter will occupy.
• Subtract the above figure from the number of lines spaces on your paper.
• After subtracting the figure, divide the remaining figure by 2, ignore any fraction in order to determine on what line to begin the typing.
• Finally start typing.

1. Number of lines on paper 210 x 148 mm = 35
2. Number of line and spaces on copy = 12
3. Deduct number 2 from number 1 = 35 – 12 = 23
4. Divide the answer in number 3 by 2 = 23/2 = 11 and avoid fraction for top and bottom margining.
5. Turn up 12 single line space and type first line of notice.

EXAMPLE

Type this advertisement horizontally and vertically on A5 (landscape) paper, using double line spacing. The following steps should be taken;

YOUTH AIDS AWARENESS CONCERT (TL1)

(blank line) (bl1)

By the (tl2)

(blank ) (bl2)

NATIONAL AIDS CAMPAIGN ORGANISATION (tl3)

(blank line) (bl3)

At the (tl4)

(blank line) (bl4)

MULTI PURPOSE HALL (tl5)

(blank line) (bl5)

On (tl6)

(blank line) (bl6)

Saturday 24^th May, 2007 (tl7)

(blank line) (bl7)

At 7:30pm (tl8)

TL means typing line while BL is blank line.

There are 35 lines on A5 landscape paper

There are 8 typewritten lines plus 7 blank lines= 15 lines

Deduct 15 from 35=20

Divide 20 by 2 =10

Insert paper, making sure that the left edge is at 0 and top edge level with the alignment scale

Turn up 10 single spaces plus another one line= 11 in order to have 10 clear line spaces from the top edge of the paper.

Type the display centering each line horizontally.

EXAMPLE

Type the following on A5 landscape using double line spacing, centre each line horizontally and vertically.

COMMAND PRIMARY SCHOOL

Invites you

To their

ANNUAL SPORTS FESTIVAL

To be held at

NNAMDI AZIKIWE STADIUM

Enugu

At 4pm

Type the following on A5 portrait and landscape using double line spacing, centre each line horizontally and vertically.

THE SHERATON HOTEL

Kaduna

MENU

Chilled Mango Juice

Pounded yam with Egusi soup

Amala with Okro soup

Water melon.

The backspacing method

These steps are used in this method

Find the number of vertical lines on the paper

Count the number of lines and blank spaces to be used in typing the problem

Move the paper to the vertical centre by spacing down from the top edge of the paper, setting lever on single space, as we see in A4 paper where we need to go down 35 single-line spaces.

Roll the platen (cylinder) back once for each two lines or blank line space, ignore any fraction that is left.

EXAMPLE 2

Type the following on A4 using double line spacing, centre each line horizontally and vertically.

Oweri Play Group

(blank line)

Presents

(blank line)

THE WISE MAN

(blank line)

At

(blank line)

University Hall Enugu

(blank line)

On

(blank line)

Thursday April 24^th 2009

(blank line)

Admission—Free

EXERCISE

Type the following using the backspacing method on A4 paper using double line spacing , centre each line horizontally and vertically.

GOMBE UNIVERSITY

Presents

A play tittled

H O M E W A R D B O U N D

On

January 27, 2007- 8 p.m.

At

The Main Hall

Tickets

N50 (students), N 100 (non-students ) .

BLOCKED DISPLAY.

This is an alternative to the centre display, here the left margin is used as a common starting point.

• Blocked style vertical display is arranged in the usual way with equal top and bottom margins.
• It has the longest line centred across the page.
• It has theleft margin set at the beginning of the line.
• All lines are beginning at that point.

EXAMPLE

Type the following blocked display on A5 portrait paper using double line spacing, centre each line horizontally and vertically.

CHILDREN’S DAY CELEBRATION

Children seated at 9a.m[mediator_tech]

Arrival of Governor

National Anthem

Pledge

Songs by various schools

Poem recited by selected students

Governor delivers speech

Police Band plays

Governor leaves

EXERCISE

Type the following blocked display effectively on A5 portrait paper.

AREWA EVENING CLASSES

Come and enroll for

Evening Classes in

English Language

Office practice

Book-keeping

Entrepreneurship

Keyboarding

Fees are MODERATE.

Sub-Topic

3:Types of Display Headings

There are five(5) kinds of headings which includes main heading, sub-heading, paragraph heading, shoulder heading, and side heading but the most commonly used are main, paragraph and shoulder.

Main Headings

This is the tittle of the document that is being typed. It is sometimes typed in closed capital letters or in space capitals ie by giving one space for each letter and three spaces between each word.

These are usually centered on the typing line and are typed in full capitals, followed immediately by two blank lines. Any heading typed in lower case with initial MUST be underscored. Full stop must not be used at the end of the heading, unless the last word is abbreviated. If there is a full stop you must not underscore it. Only a single underscore may be used in main headings. Examples

• IMPORTATION OF GOODS
• MESSERS R. NDACHABA & CO. LTD

Paragraph Headings

They are typed with initial capitals and lower case letters. They must be underscored. Paragraph headings may stand separately or run into the paragraph it can be with or without punctuation marks. Example.

STEEL INDUSTRY

Nigeria established iron and steel industries to assist in industrialization. There are two major steel complexes in the country.

Ajaokuta steel complex -This is the biggest of the steel complexes, part of it was commissioned in 1983

Delta steel complex— This is the second steel complex, it produces about 210,000 tons of steel bars and rods annually.

Shoulder Headings

These are always typed in full capital letters at the left hand margin, preceded and followed by one blank line. Full stop must never be put after the shoulder heading unless the last word is abbreviated. If there is a full stop, do not underscore it, only single underscore may be used in shoulder headings. The heading is separated from the material by a clear one line space and the headings starts on the same line as the text while the shoulder heading starts on a separate line. Example. NOVELTY MATCH.

PARTS OF A TYPEWRITER

(three single line spacing)

BELL

(2 line spacing)

CYLINDER

(2 line spacing.

SUB- HEADING – This heading appears under a main heading, it is usually typed in initials with lower case letters and is underscored. Main or sub-heading may be typed in either blocked form or centered over the writing line .EXAMPLE

SOFT DRINK FACTORY

Locating a factory.

SIDE HEADING –This is also called marginal heading, this type of heading is typed inside the left hand side margin in closed capitals. The underscore may not be used.[mediator_tech]

EXAMPLE

CURRENT ACCOUNT

An account operated by business men in commercial banks to enable them obtain loans to increase their capital base.

COMMERCIAL BANKS

These are banks that render financial services to customers in order to maximize profit.

Evaluation:

1. How many types of display headings do we have?
2. Write brief notes on each of the following display headings:
3. Main heading
4. Shoulder heading
5. Paragraph heading.

Presentation

The topic is presented step by step

Step 1:

The class teacher revises the previous topics

Step 2.

He introduces the new topic

Step 3:

The class teacher allows the pupils to give their own examples and he corrects them when the needs arise

Conclusion

The class teacher wraps up or conclude the lesson by giving out short note to summarize the topic that he or she has just taught.

The class teacher also goes round to make sure that the notes are well copied or well written by the pupils.

He or she does the necessary corrections when and where  the needs arise.