HOW TO PREPARE LIQUID SOAP PRIMARY 4 SECOND TERM HOME ECONOMICS WEEK 8

WEEK 8

HOW TO PREPARE LIQUID SOAP

Subject : Home Economics

Class : Primary 4

Term : Second Term

Week : Week 8

Topics :

HOW TO PREPARE LIQUID SOAP

PREVIOUS LESSON 

TYPES AND CARE OF PERSONAL CLOTHING PRIMARY 4 SECOND TERM HOME ECONOMICS WEEK 5

Learning Objectives 

By the end of the lesson, pupils should be able to

• specify the chemical for
  making liquid soap e.g
  nitro-soil, sulphuric acid,
  soda ash, caustic soda e.t.c
• make liquid soap.

Learning Activities and Discussion 

• Making of liquid soap practical

Embedded Core Skills 

• Communication and Collaboration
• Small group discussion
• Creativity and Imagination
• Critical thinking and problem solving

Learning Resources 

• Real bowl

• Water

Content

Liquid soap can be made using a variety of chemicals, but it is important to note that some of these chemicals can be dangerous and should only be handled by trained adults with appropriate safety equipment. Here are some common chemicals that are used in the production of liquid soap:

1. Sodium hydroxide (also known as lye or caustic soda) – this is a highly alkaline chemical that is used to saponify fats and oils to create soap.
2. Potassium hydroxide (also known as caustic potash) – this is another highly alkaline chemical that is used in the production of liquid soap, especially in the production of soft soap.
3. Sodium laureth sulfate (SLES) or sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) – these are surfactants that are added to liquid soap to help it lather and clean more effectively.
4. Glycerin – this is a natural byproduct of the saponification process that is often added to liquid soap to help moisturize and soften the skin.
5. Citric acid – this is a weak organic acid that is sometimes used to adjust the pH of liquid soap and improve its stability.
6. Sodium chloride (table salt) – this is sometimes added to liquid soap to thicken it and improve its texture.

Again, it is important to note that some of these chemicals can be dangerous if not handled properly, and should only be used by trained adults with appropriate safety equipment. It is also important to follow safety guidelines and instructions when working with any chemicals.

The Process of Making Liquid Soap

The process of making liquid soap generally involves saponifying fats or oils with a strong alkaline solution, and then diluting the resulting soap with water to create a liquid soap. Here are the basic steps involved:

1. Measure out the fats or oils that you want to use in your soap recipe. Common oils used in soap making include coconut oil, olive oil, and castor oil.
2. Heat the oils in a pot on the stove until they are melted and heated to the desired temperature.
3. While the oils are heating, measure out the appropriate amount of alkaline solution, which is usually either sodium hydroxide (caustic soda) or potassium hydroxide (caustic potash), depending on the type of soap you want to make.
4. Slowly add the alkaline solution to the melted oils while stirring constantly. This will cause a chemical reaction called saponification, in which the fats and oils are transformed into soap.
5. Continue stirring the mixture until it reaches trace, which is the point at which the soap mixture has thickened and is starting to leave visible traces on the surface.
6. Once the soap has reached trace, you can add any desired fragrance or color to the mixture. This can be done using essential oils, fragrance oils, or other additives like dried herbs or flowers.
7. The soap mixture is then poured into a mold, where it is allowed to cool and harden for several hours or overnight.
8. Once the soap has hardened, it can be removed from the mold and cut into bars. These bars can be used as is, or they can be grated and dissolved in water to create a liquid soap.
9. To make a liquid soap, the soap bars are grated and then dissolved in hot water. The mixture is stirred until the soap is completely dissolved, and then any desired additives like glycerin, fragrance, or color are added.
10. The mixture is then allowed to cool and is ready to use as a liquid soap.

It is important to note that the process of making liquid soap can vary depending on the recipe and the desired outcome. It is also important to follow safety guidelines and instructions when working with any chemicals, and to have appropriate safety equipment on hand

Evaluation

1. What is the primary chemical used to saponify fats and oils in the production of liquid soap? a. Sodium chloride b. Sodium hydroxide c. Potassium hydroxide d. Sodium laureth sulfate
2. Which of the following is NOT a common oil used in soap making? a. Coconut oil b. Olive oil c. Castor oil d. Petroleum oil
3. What is the process called in which fats and oils are transformed into soap? a. Emulsification b. Saponification c. Distillation d. Fermentation
4. Which of the following chemicals is used in the production of soft soap? a. Sodium hydroxide b. Potassium hydroxide c. Sodium chloride d. Citric acid
5. What is the purpose of adding glycerin to liquid soap? a. To improve lather b. To moisturize and soften the skin c. To adjust the pH d. To thicken the soap
6. Which of the following is a weak organic acid sometimes used to adjust the pH of liquid soap? a. Sodium chloride b. Sodium hydroxide c. Citric acid d. Potassium hydroxide
7. What is the term used to describe the point at which the soap mixture has thickened and is starting to leave visible traces on the surface? a. Saponification b. Emulsification c. Trace d. Distillation
8. Which of the following chemicals is sometimes added to liquid soap to thicken it and improve its texture? a. Sodium chloride b. Sodium hydroxide c. Citric acid d. Glycerin
9. What is the primary purpose of adding surfactants like SLES or SLS to liquid soap? a. To improve lather b. To moisturize and soften the skin c. To adjust the pH d. To thicken the soap
10. Which of the following is a natural byproduct of the saponification process that is often added to liquid soap to help moisturize and soften the skin? a. Sodium chloride b. Sodium hydroxide c. Citric acid d. Glycerin

Lesson Presentation

Title: Process and Chemicals for Making Liquid Soap

Grade Level: 4th Grade

Objectives:

• Understand the basic process for making liquid soap
• Learn about some of the chemicals used in soap making and their purposes
• Discuss safety guidelines for working with chemicals

Materials:

• PowerPoint presentation
• Visual aids (diagrams, pictures, etc.)
• Examples of soap ingredients and equipment
• Safety goggles, gloves, and aprons

Previous Lesson

• Revise the previous lesson which was
• REASONS FOR WEARING CLOTH PRIMARY 4 SECOND TERM HOME ECONOMICS WEEK 6

Introduction:

• Begin by asking the class if they have ever used liquid soap before, and if they know how it is made.
• Introduce the topic of liquid soap making and explain that it involves a chemical process.
• Show some examples of soap ingredients and equipment, and discuss the importance of safety guidelines when working with chemicals.

Main Presentation:

• Use the PowerPoint presentation to guide the lesson and cover the following topics:
  • The basic process for making liquid soap, including the saponification process and dilution with water.
  • Common oils used in soap making, such as coconut oil, olive oil, and castor oil.
  • Common chemicals used in soap making, such as sodium hydroxide (caustic soda), potassium hydroxide (caustic potash), and surfactants like SLES or SLS.
  • The purposes of these chemicals, such as saponification, adjusting pH, and improving lather and cleaning ability.
  • Other additives that can be used in soap making, such as glycerin and citric acid.
  • Safety guidelines for working with chemicals, such as wearing goggles, gloves, and aprons, and following instructions carefully.

Activities:

• After the presentation, have the class work in pairs or small groups to make their own soap using a safe and simple recipe.
• Provide materials such as grated soap, water, vegetable glycerin, essential oils, and food coloring, and guide the students through the process step by step.
• Remind them of safety guidelines and supervise closely to ensure they are working safely.

Conclusion:

• After the soap making activity, have the students share their experiences and observations about the process.
• Recap the main points of the lesson and ask if there are any questions or concerns.
• Distribute a handout or worksheet with a summary of the lesson and some review questions to reinforce the material.

Assessment:

• Observe the students during the soap making activity to ensure they are following safety guidelines and understanding the process.
• Review the handouts or worksheets to gauge their comprehension of the material.
• Use a short quiz or assessment to test their knowledge of the key concepts and terms covered in the lesson.

Homework

1. In the production of liquid soap, fats and oils are transformed into soap through a process called _______________.
2. The primary chemical used in the saponification process for liquid soap making is either _______________ or _______________.
3. Common oils used in soap making include coconut oil, olive oil, and _______________ oil.
4. Liquid soap can be thickened using the common household ingredient _______________.
5. _______________ is a natural byproduct of the saponification process that is often added to liquid soap to help moisturize and soften the skin.
6. The point at which the soap mixture has thickened and is starting to leave visible traces on the surface is called _______________.
7. To make a liquid soap, soap bars are grated and then dissolved in _______________.
8. Sodium laureth sulfate (SLES) or sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) are common _______________ added to liquid soap to help it lather and clean more effectively.
9. _______________ is a weak organic acid that is sometimes used to adjust the pH of liquid soap and improve its stability.
10. Liquid soap made with potassium hydroxide (caustic potash) is known as _______________ soap

Weekly Assessment / Test

1. What is liquid soap made from?
2. What are the common oils used in soap making?
3. What is the purpose of saponification in soap making?
4. What is the primary chemical used in the saponification process for liquid soap making?
5. What is the purpose of adding glycerin to liquid soap?
6. What is the purpose of adding surfactants like SLES or SLS to liquid soap?
7. What is the term used to describe the point at which the soap mixture has thickened and is starting to leave visible traces on the surface?
8. How can you thicken liquid soap?
9. Why is it important to follow safety guidelines and instructions when working with chemicals in soap making?
10. What is the process for making liquid soap using safe ingredients?