Subject: 

MUSIC

Term:

FIRST TERM

Week:

WEEK 2

Class:

SS 1

Topic:

Intervals in Music: Random musical notes; Keyboard, Triads: Identification of Primary Triads.

Previous lesson: 

The pupils have previous knowledge of

Notation in Music : Staff and Tonic Sol-fa :(a) Lines and spaces (stave) (b) Tonic sol-fa (c) Treble and bass clefs (d) Melody in C major

that was taught as a topic in the previous lesson

 

Behavioural objectives:

At the end of the lesson, the learners will be able to

• define keyboard
• explain Intervals and Random Musical Notes.
•  Identify and explain Primary Triads.

 

Instructional Materials:

• Wall charts
• Pictures
• Related Online Video
• Flash Cards
• Keyboard

 

 

Methods of Teaching:

• Class Discussion
• Group Discussion
• Asking Questions
• Explanation
• Role Modelling
• Role Delegation

 

Reference Materials:

• Scheme of Work
• Online Information
• Textbooks
• Workbooks
• Basic Education Curriculum
• Workbooks

 

CONTENT:

1.Keyboard.

2. Intervals and Random Musical

3. Identification of Primary Triads.

SUB TOPIC 1 : Keyboard

Keyboard refers to an arranged set of keys or notes. Some musical instruments are known as keyboards because they have similar arrangements of the keys. These instruments are piano, organ (harmonium) and accordion. Others include melodion or pianica, clavichord, harpsichord, spinet, and so on. The keyboard consists of white and black keys or notes. The white notes or keys are called ‘Naturals’.

They produce clear natural sounds. The black keys are found between the white keys or notes. They derive their names from the white keys immediately before them or after them. Thus, the black note or key after C is called C sharp (C#). This same key or note can also derive its name from the next white key, D. In this instant it is called D flat (D) and that is what is called enharmonic. Similarly, the black key, between D and E is either called D sharp (D#) or E flat (E)

The keyboard is one of the most important parts of a musical instrument. It produces sound when the keys are pressed. The keys are connected to hammers or other mechanisms that strike the strings or other sound-producing material.

There are different types of keyboard instruments. They are classified according to the number of keys they have. The most common are the piano, organ, and accordion.

The piano has 88 keys, 36 black and 52 white. The organ has from 25 to 61 keys, depending on the type of organ. The accordion has 41 to 120 keys, depending on the size and type of accordion.

The piano is the most popular keyboard instrument. It is used in all types of music, from classical to rock. The organ is used mostly in religious music. The accordion is used in folk music and some types of pop music.

 

SUB TOPIC 2:

INTERVAL AND RANDOM MUSICAL NOTES

In music theory, an interval is the difference/distance between two pitches. An interval may also be described as horizontal, linear, or melodic if it refers to successively sounding tones, such as two adjacent pitches in a melody, and vertical or harmonic if it pertains to simultaneously sounding tones.

In Western music theory, the most common naming scheme for intervals describes two properties of the interval: number (unison, second, third, etc.) and quality (major, minor, perfect, augmented, diminished). For instance, major third or perfect fifth. These names describe not only the difference in semitones between the upper and lower notes, but also how the interval is spelt. The importance of spelling stems from the historical practice of differentiating the frequency ratios of enharmonic intervals such as G-G♯and G-A♭.

The number of an interval is the number of staff positions it encompasses. Both lines and spaces are counted, including the positions of both notes forming the interval. For instance, the interval C–G is a fifth (denoted P5) because the notes from C to G occupy five consecutive staff positions, including the positions of C and G.

C – D                              C – E                             C – A                            C – B

Major 2^nd                     Major 3^rd                    Major 6^th                    Major 7^th

 

 

Number of semitones it contains, for example: A major 2nd contains 2 semitones.

A major 3rd contains 4 semitones.

 

The major 6th contains         9 semitones. A major 7th contains                     11 semitones.

 

Minor Intervals

A minor interval is smaller than a major interval by a semitone. There are also four kinds of minor intervals- namely, minor 2^nd, minor 3^rd, minor 6^th, minor 7^{th. We} can certainly say that a minor interval occurs when a major interval is decreased by a semitone.

Like major intervals, minor intervals can also be either perfect or imperfect.

Now let’s take a look at each kind of minor interval in more detail

A minor 2nd is the smallest possible interval. It occurs when the two notes have a difference in pitch of one semitone. For example, the pitches C and C# have a minor 2nd interval between them

A minor 3rd occurs when the two notes have a difference in pitch of three semitones. For example, the pitches C and Eb have a minor 3rd interval between them

A minor 6th occurs when the two notes have a difference in pitch of eight semitones. For example, the pitches C and Ab have a minor 6th interval between them

A minor 7th occurs when the two notes have a difference in pitch of ten semitones. For example, the pitches C and Bb have a minor 7th interval between them

Study the following examples:

 

Notice that

(¡)    a minor 2^nd contains one semitone.

(¡¡) a minor 3^rd contains three semitones.

(¡¡¡) a minor 6^th       contains eight semitones.

(iv) a minor 7^th     contains ten semitones.

 

From the above minor intervals, you will notice that the minor intervals are obtained by lowering the upper note of the intervals. Similarly, another method of obtaining minor intervals is by raising the lower note of the major intervals. For example:

However, it does not matter whether the upper note is lowered or the lower note is raised. The important thing is the number of semitones involved. There are also minor intervals that are not obtained by lowering the upper note or raising the lower note,

Lesson Summary 

1. A minor interval is an interval that is smaller than a major interval by a semitone

2. There are four kinds of minor intervals: minor 2nd, minor 3rd, minor 6th, minor 7th

3. The smallest possible interval is a minor 2nd

4. The interval between C and C# is a minor 2nd

5. The interval between C and Eb is a minor 3rd.

Evaluations

Objectives

1. What is a minor interval?

A. An interval that is smaller than a major interval by a semitone

B. An interval that is larger than a major interval by a semitone

C. An interval that is the same as a major interval

D. None of the above

2. How many kinds of minor intervals are there?

A. One

B. Two

C. Three

D. Four

3. What is the smallest possible interval?

A. Minor 2nd

B. Minor 3rd

C. Minor 6th

D. Minor 7th

4. What is the interval between C and C#?

A. Minor 2nd

B. Major 2nd

C. Perfect 2nd

D. Augmented 2nd

5. What is the interval between C and Eb?

A. Minor 3rd

B. Major 3rd

C. Perfect 3rd

D. Augmented 3rd

 

Theory 

1. What is an interval?
2. What is the difference between melodic and harmonic intervals?
3. How many semitones are there in the following intervals? (¡) Major 2^nd (¡¡) Minor 3^rd(¡¡¡) Major 6^th (≥) Minor 7^th

 

Perfect Intervals

 

There are four types of perfect intervals. These include unison, fourth, fifth, octave (eight).

 

• Perfect Unison: This is also called ‘prime’ interval. The notes of a unison are at one place, either on a line or a space on the stave. It does not contain any semitones. Invocall music, two or more parts may be sounding the same note at the same time as unison.

• Perfect Fourths (4ths):

 

A perfect fourth contains five semitones. In a perfect 4th, four letter names are involved, e.g. C – F involves C, D, E, F.

All 4ths are perfect except one. The interval of 4^th between F – B is more than a perfect 4^th by a semitone. It contains six semitones instead of five. Thus, it is an augmented 4^th. It is also called “ tritone” Because it contains three whole tones, e.g. F – G, G –A, A- B.

 

 

(C – F)     (D – G)    (A – D)             (F – B)

 

1. 4^TH P. 4^TH P. 4^TH                     Aug. 4^TH

 

Perfect Fifth (5^th):A perfect fifth involves five letter-names and contains seven semitones, e.g. C-G, D-A, E-B, F-C, G-D, A-E.

 

(C –C)	(D – A)	(E – B)	(F – C)	(G – D)
P.5TH	P. 5TH	P. 5TH	P. 5TH	P.5TH

 

All fifth are perfect except B – F. It is less than a perfect fifth by semitone and it contain six semitones instead of seven, therefore it is a diminished fifth.

Perfect octaves (8ths)

 

A perfect 8^th (perfect octave) involves eight letter-names and contains twelve semitones. All 8^th are perfect,

e.g. C- C`, D – D`, G – G`, and so on.

 

 

 

 

(C – C)                 (D – D)           (G – G)

 

P.8^th                     P. 8^th               P. 8^th

 

Augmented Intervals

 

An augmented interval is larger than a major or a perfect interval by a semitone. Thus, only major and perfect intervals can be augmented.

 

DIMINISHED INTERVALS

 

A diminished interval is a semitone lesser than a minor or perfect interval. In other words, diminished intervals occur, when a perfect or minor interval is decreased by a semitone. So, only minor and perfect interval can be diminished.

 

TYPES OF INTERVALS	NUMBER OF SEMITONES
Minor 2nd Major 2nd Augmented 2nd	1   semitone 2   semitones 3   semitones
Diminished 3rd Minor 3rd Major 3rd	2   semitones 3   semitones 4   semitones
Diminished 4th Perfect 4th Augment 4th	4   semitones 5   semitones 6   semitones
Diminished 5th Perfect 5th Augmented 5th	6   semitones 7   semitones 8   semitones
Minor 6th Major 6th Augmented 6th	8   semitones 9   semitones 10   semitones

 

Diminished 7th Minor 7th Major 7th	9   semitones 10   semitones 11   semitones
Perfect 8th	12 semitones

 

 

EVALUATION:

1. What is Interval?
2. How many semitones can be found in a Major 7th?
3. Major 3rd will give you how many semitones?

 

Sub-Topic

TRIAD

A triad is a set of three notes that can be stacked in thirds. When stacked in thirds, the triads members, from lowest pitched tone to highest, are called:

• the root
• the third– it’s a 3 rd above the root
• the fifth– it’s a 5th above the root

 

Root

 

FORMATION OF TRIADS.

• major triads contain a major third and perfect fifth interval, e Root to 3 rd and Root to 5th
• minor triads contain a minor third, and perfect fifth
• diminished triads contain a minor third, and diminished fifth
• augmented triads contain a major third, and augmented fifth

The above definitions spell out the interval of each note above the root. Since triads are constructed of stacked thirds, they can be alternatively defined as follows:

• major triads contain a major third with a minor third stacked above E.g., in the major triad C-E-G, the interval C-E is major third and E-G is a minor third.
• minor triads contain a minor third with a major third stacked above E.g., in the minor triad A-C-E (A minor), A-C is a minor third and C-E is a major third.

• diminished triads contain two minor thirds stacked, g., B-D-F (B dim)
• augmented triads contain two major thirds stacked, g., D-F#-A# (D aug).

 

Primary Triads on C major.

I                         IV         V

The primary triads are built on the 1st, 4th and 5th degree of the major scale.

 

 

EVALUATION:

1. What is Triad?
2. What are the Primary triads?
3. What is the basis of a triad?

 

 

GENERAL EVALUATION:

1. What is the formular of all triads?
2. What are keyboard instruments?
3. What is Enharmonic?

 

Summary

1. A keyboard is an arranged set of keys or notes

2. There are four types of keyboard instruments: piano, organ, accordion, and harpsichord

3. The piano is the most popular keyboard instrument. It has 88 keys, 36 black and 52 white

4. Keyboard instruments produce sound when the keys are pressed. The keys are connected to hammers or other mechanisms that strike the strings or other sound-producing material

5. The history of keyboard instruments dates back to the early 1700s. The first keyboard instrument was the clavichord. It was followed by the harpsichord and then the piano.

Lesson Presentation

 

The topic is presented step by step

 

Step 1:

The class teacher revises the previous topics

 

Step 2.

He introduces the new topic

 

Step 3:

The class teacher allows the pupils to give their own examples and he corrects them when the needs arise

 

EVALUATION

Objective Questions

1. What is the main function of a keyboard?

A. To produce sound when keys are pressed

B. To be an arranged set of keys or notes

C. To be connected to hammers or other mechanisms

D. All of the above

2. How many types of keyboard instruments are there?

A. One

B. Two

C. Three

D. Four

3. What is the most popular keyboard instrument?

A. Piano

B. Organ

C. Accordion

D. Harpsichord

4. How many keys does a piano have?

A. 36

B. 52

C. 61

D. 88

5. What type of music is the organ mostly used in?

A. Classical

B. Rock

C. Religious

D. Folk

 

Theory Questions

1. What is a keyboard?

2. What are the different types of keyboard instruments?

3. What are the features of a keyboard?

4. How do keyboard instruments produce sound?

5. What is the history of the keyboard instrument?

 

Conclusion

The class teacher wraps up or concludes the lesson by giving out short notes to summarize the topic that he or she has just taught.

The class teacher also goes round to make sure that the notes are well copied or well written by the pupils.

He or she makes the necessary corrections when and where the needs arise.