AGRICULTURAL MARKETING

Subject:

Agricultural Science

Class:

SS 3

Term:

Second Term / 2nd Term

Week:

Week 1

Topic:

AGRICULTURAL MARKETING

Previous Knowledge: The pupils have previous knowledge of

  AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION  

that was taught in their previous lesson.

Behavioural  Objectives : At the end of the lesson, learners will be able to

• • Meaning of agricultural marketing
• • Importance of agricultural marketing
• • Channels of marketing farm products
• • Stages of agricultural marketing
• • Agents of agricultural marketing
• • Problems of agricultural marketing

Instructional Materials 

• Wall charts
• Online Resource
• Textbooks
• Laptop
• Crop samples
• Pictures
• Internet (Pinterest, Wiki answer, FAO et al).
• Flash cards
• www.edudelighttutors.com

Methods of Teaching 

• Role modelling
• Questions and Answers
• Explanation
• Discussion
• Recitation
• Imitation
• Story Telling
• Dramatization

WEEK ONE  

AGRICULTURAL MARKETING

MEANING OF AGRICULTURAL MARKETING
These refer to all the activities required or involved in moving farm produce from the producers to the final consumers. Production is not complete without consumption and marketing is what makes it happen.

IMPORTANCE OF AGRICULTURAL MARKETING
1. Helps to make products available year round.
2. It creates employment for people (drivers, traders, retailers etc).
3. It locates where there are surpluses of produces and bring them to where there are shortages.
4. It brings about foreign exchange to the nation through exportation of produce.
5. It helps in price determination.
6. It enables the producers to know the taste of the consumers.
7. It initiates research into products preferred by consumer
8. It helps in the provision of infrastructure such as roads, electricity, pipe borne water etc.

CHANNELS OF MARKETING FARM PRODUCTS
This refers to all the linkages or pathways through which farm produce pass through before they get to the final consumers. These include
1. Producers
2. Marketing board
3. Local Market
4. Middle men
5. Co-operative societies
6. Middlemen
7. Commissioned agents
8. Exporters
9. Processor

STAGES OF AGRICULTURAL MARKETING
The Stages involves in marketing agricultural produce include
1. Farm level processing
2. Grading or sorting
3. Packaging
4. Storage or warehousing
5. Transportation
6. Advertisement
7. Merchandizing
8. Assemblage

MARKETING FUNCTIONS
These are activities expected of a marketer in order to achieve set marketing objectives. The functions are:
1. Researching
2. Buying
3. Product development and management
4. Production
5. Promotion
6. Standardization and grading
7. Pricing
8. Distribution
9. Risk bearing
10. Financing

AGENTS OF AGRICULTURAL MARKETING
This includes all the people or agents or bodies which are directly or indirectly involved in the marketing of farm produce. These agents include:
1. Marketing / commodity boards
2. Co-operative societies
3. Individual / Private Middlemen
4. Producers / farmers
5. Wholesalers
6. Retailers

MARKETING/COMMODITY BOARDS
These are trading agencies of the government that oversee the marketing of export or cash crops. It started as marketing board and later changed to commodity boards.

ADVANTAGES OF MARKETING / COMMODITY BOARDS
1. It creates employment for licensed buying agents.
2. Guarantees producers prices and ensures production of export crops.
3. They stabilize prices and ensure that farmers are not affected by price fluctuation.
4. Encourage the processing of export produce.
5. Generate income to the government through export duties and sales taxes.
6. Contribute in providing social amenities like roads, hospitals, pipe-borne water etc.
7. Promote produce quality.
8. Encourage the production of both export and food crops.
9. They sometimes provide capital to farmers.

DISADVANTAGES OF MARKETING / COMMODITY BOARDS
1. It deals mainly on major export crops.
2. They fix prices on their own without consulting the farmers.
3. Middlemen cheat the farmers by either paying them lower prices or down grading their produces.
4. When the world prices of produce rise, farmers are still paid the fixed prices
5. Government interferes with the running of the boards.

CO-OPERATIVE SOCIETIES
There are voluntary organization formed by a group of individuals who pool their individual resources together with the primary objectives of satisfying the needs and aspirations of their members.

ADVANTAGES OF CO-OPERATIVE SOCIETIES
1. Purchase commodities in bulk from the producers.
2. By pass the middlemen, and deal directly with producers as a result, they retail commodities to the members and non-members at moderates prices.
3. Members pool individual resources together to meet special needs of members which on individual’s basis is difficult.
4. The profits of the co-operatives are shared among the members either according to the individuals share holdings or volume of purchase from the co-operative.
5. Membership is voluntary.
6. They provide storage facilities.
7. They grant loan to members.
8. They provide transportation facilities.

DISADVANTAGES OF CO-OPERATIVE SOCIETIES
1. Poor and ineffective management.
2. It is prone to financial misappropriation.
3. It does not encourage establishment of individual enterprise.

PRODUCERS
These are the farmers who produce agricultural commodities.

ADVANTAGES OF PRODUCERS
1. Agricultural market starts with the farmers without whom the existence of other marketing agents and consumers is meaningless
2. They produce what consumers need thereby satisfying their taste and preference.
3. Produce gets to consumer at reduced rice.
4. Produce get to the consumer in its fresh state.

DISADVANTAGES OF PRODUCERS
1. The producers through the producers co-operative may decide to produce what will attract higher income to them and not what the consumers need most.
2. They hoard and ration the supply of produce to the market in order to enjoy attractive prices.
3. He lacks storage facilities.
4. Farmers may suffer increased loss of goods.
5. He lacks transportation facilities.

INDIVIDUAL / PRIVATE MIDDLEMEN
These are individuals that come directly to the farm to buy farm produce.

ADVANTAGES OF PRIVATE MIDDLEMEN
1. They link producers with consumers.
2. They may give loans to producers.
3. They assemble, blend and repack certain goods.
4. They save the producer’s time in marketing his goods.
5. They also provide storage facilities.
6. They also provide transport facilities.

DISADVANTAGES OF PRIVATE MIDDLEMEN
1. They inflate the prices of commodities.
2. They create artificial scarcity of goods.
3. They exploit producers and consumers.

WHOLESALER
These are the agents who buy produce in large quantities from the farmers (producers) and sell in small quantity to the retailers.

ADVANTAGES OF WHOLESALER
1. They purchase produce in bulk.
2. They provide storage facilities.
3. They have good transport facilities.
4. They pass information from retailer to producers and vice versa.

DISADVANTAGES OF WHOLESALERS
1. They exploit the producers and retailers.
2. They create artificial scarcity of goods.
3. They inflate the prices of commodities.

RETAILERS
These are agents who buy goods from the wholesalers and sell in small quantities to the final consumers.

ADVANTAGES OF RETAILERS
1. They make produce readily available and affordable to consumers.
2. They provide jobs to many people.
3. They pass information from consumers to wholesalers.
4. They give credits to some consumers.

DISADVANTAGES OF RETAILERS
1. They may create artificial scarcity of goods
2. They may suffer losses due to theft or spoilage of perishable goods
3. They may inflate the prices of commodities.

PROBLEMS OF AGRICULTURAL MARKETING
1. Inadequate transportation system.
2. Small scale production.
3. Inadequate basic amenities.
4. Perishability of produce.
5. Inadequate storage facilities.
6. Inadequate processing facilities.
7. Poor financing.
8. Poor Prices of products.
9. Problems of middlemen.
10. Difficulty in assembling produce.

POSSIBLE SOLUTION TO PROBLEMS OF AGRICULTURAL MARKETING
1. Provision of good roads.
2. Provision of finance to farmers.
3. Provision of storage and processing facilities.
4. Formation of good policies by the government.
5. Encouragement of market research.

Presentation : 

The topic is presented step by step

Step 1: The class teacher revises the old topic

Step 2: The class teacher introduces the new topic

Step 3: The class teacher allows the pupils to give their own contributions and gives room for pupils” participation

Class Teacher and Pupils Activities. Interaction or Participation 

This involves class teacher and pupils’ interaction, conversation, imitation or modeling through discussion, play method or just by recitation or asking and answering questions that are related to the topic that has just been taught.

EVALUATION 

1. What is agricultural marketing?
2. What are the significance of agricultural marketing
3. List and explain the stages of agricultural marketing.
4. What are the channels involved in marketing of agricultural produce.
5. List ten problems of agricultural marketing.
6. List five possible solutions to the problems of agricultural marketing.
7. What are marketing functions?
8. List and explain six marketing functions.

Conclusion : 

The class teacher concludes the lesson by giving the pupils some notes on the topic that has just been taught. He goes round to mark and he does the necessary corrections.