PRIMARY 4 FIRST TERM LESSON NOTE AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE
PRIMARY FOUR
AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE
FIRST TERM
WEEK TOPICS
- Revision of some topics in year three’s work
- The land and the soil
– The meaning of land and soil
(i). Clay soil
(ii). Loamy soil
(iii). Sandy soil
- Characteristics of types of soil
- Sandy soil
– Has large, loosely packed particles
– Does not hold water
– Rough when it bis rubbed between the fingers
– Does not hold many nutrient
– Crops do not grow well on sandy soil
- Clay soil
– Has small and loosely packed particles
– Smooth when dry and sticky when wet
– Can hold a lot of nutrients
– Does not allow air and water through it
– It holds water very well
– Most crops do not grow on it.
- Formation of soil
Soil formation
(i). Different types
(ii). How they are formed
- Properties of Soil: Physical properties Lagos State Ministry of Education Schemes of work for Primary School
- How to enrich the soil and maintain soil fertility:
Causes of loss in soil fertility
(i). Burning
(ii). Leaching
(iii). Overgrazing
(iv). Cleaning
(v). Clearing
(vi). Erosion etc.
- Ways of making soil fertile/ How to maintain soil
Fertility
(i). Manuring
(ii). Mulching
(iii). Crop rotation
(iv). Bush fallowing etc.
- Preparation of compost/manure
(a). Meaning of compost/manure
(b). Method of compost making
- Pit method
- Heap method
(c). Materials for compost making
– Dried flowers
– Sewage
– Farmyard waster
– Dry leaves
– Saw dust (use a little)
– House plants
– Weeds without seeds
– Soil
– Water
- Processes involved in making compost.
– Pit method
- Dig four pit (a, b, c, & d) of equal sizes Lagos State Ministry of Education Schemes of work for Primary School
(Mx) M X O. 5m
(ii). Empty the compost into pit a. arrange
in layers and wet with water
(iii). After two weeks, move the content in pit
A to pit B. this is called first turn.
(iv). After two weeks, move the content in pit
B to pit C. (second turn)
(v). Finally, move the content in pit C to pit
- (third)
(vi). The content in pit D is referred to as
compost/manure after 6 – 8 weeks.
Cover to prevent evaporation before
applying to the soil.
– Heap method
Prepared by placing the compost
Materials in a heap buried with soil and
Moistened with water
- Why farm produce should be processed
– meaning
– Importance of food processing
- For better usage
- Removes poisonous agent
iii. Ready for eating directly or indirectly
- Improve food and market values
- Prepares food for storage
- To get different varieties of food stuffs from
the same farm produce.
vii. Provides employment oppourtunities for
people
viii. It makes easier transportation of processed
farm produce easier since it required less
space.
- Preservation of farm produce
– Meaning of preservation of farm produce Lagos State Ministry of Education Schemes of work for Primary School
[mediator_tech]
FIRST TERM LESSON NOTE PLAN SCHEME OF WORK FOR NURSERY, KG, PRIMARY AND SECONDARY SCHOOLS
– Importance of preservation
- Retains the colour, taste and nutritional
values
- Prolongs life
iii. Makes the available in areas where they
are not produced.
- It helps in protecting farm produce
from insects and other pest attack.
- Makes farm produce remain good and
viable for planting in the next season.
- Prevents possible contaminated and
infection from unpreserved food items.
vii. It saves money (buying at cheap price
when in season).
12-13 Revision and Examination
WEEK 2
TOPIC: THE LAND AND THE SOIL
PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVES
At the end of this lesson, Pupils should be able know:
The Meaning of land and soil
The Types of soil
Characteristics of Types of Soil
The Component of soil
Entry Behavior: Pupils are familiar with he topic
REFERENCE MATERIALS
Universal Basic Education Curriculum.
NERDC Basic Education Curriculum for Primary Schools.
Unified Schemes of Work Primary Schools four Agricultural Science (MIDDLE BASIC)
Internet.
Lagos State Agricultural Science Scheme of Work
Agricultural Science for Primary Schools
CONTENT
SOIL
Soil is the Material in the top layer of the surface of the earth in which plants can grow.
TYPES OF SOIL
Soil is divided into three part namely:
Sandy soil;
Clay soil;
Loamy soil.
SANDY SOIL
Sandy soil is a loose material made up of tiny particles. These tiny particles consist of grains of rock (clay or mud). Sandy soil is not good for growing crops because it does not contain decayed animal and plants materials that should enrich the soil
CLAY SOIL
Clay soil is a very fine-grained, smooth soil that can be moulded when wet (moist) and hard when the water in it dries up.
LOAMY SOIL
Loamy soil is a rich soil consisting of a mixture of sand and clay and decaying organic materials (dead plants and animals). It is the best soil for crops growing and can hold enough water.
Characteristics of Types of Soil
CHARACTERISTICS OF SANDY SOIL
It does not contain many nutrients.
It contains loose material of tiny particles
Growth of crops is very poor.
It can’t not hold water.
It is rough when touched with hand.
CHARACTERISTICS OF CLAY SOIL
It is a very fine-grained soil.
It is smooth
It can be used for mounding when wet.
It is hard when the water in it dries up.
Growths of crops are poor on it.
It can hold water.
It has small and closely packed particles.
It can hold a lot of nutrients.
It does not allow air and water through it.
CHARACTERISTICS OF LOAMY SOIL
It is a rich soil.
It contains mixture of sand and clay.
It is the best soil for crops growing.
It can hold enough water
It is rich with nutrients
It is rich with minerals.
COMPONENT OF SOIL
Soil is made up of the following components:
Mineral matters or inorganic matters (45%)
Organic matter (5%)
Soil water (25%)
Soil air (25%)
Living organisms (insignificance)
INSTRUCTIONAL PROCEDURE
The Teacher revises the previous lesson.
The Teacher introduces the topic.
The Teacher explains the lessons.
LEARNERS ACTIVITIES
Learners participate in the class discussion
Learners practice how to identify soil
EVALUATIVE ACTIVITIES
Define soil.
Mention Types of soil.
Mention three Characteristics of each Types of Soil.
CONCLUSION: the teacher summarizes the lesson.
WEEK 3
TOPIC: CHARACTERISTICS OF TYPES OF SOIL
PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVES
At the end of this lesson, Pupils should be able know:
The Characteristics of Types of Soil
REFERENCE MATERIALS
Universal Basic Education Curriculum.
NERDC Basic Education Curriculum for Primary Schools.
Unified Schemes of Work Primary Schools four Agricultural Science (MIDDLE BASIC)
Internet.
Lagos State Agricultural Science Scheme of Work
Agricultural Science for Primary Schools.
CONTENT
CHARACTERISTICS OF TYPES OF SOIL
CHARACTERISTICS OF SANDY SOIL
It does not contain many nutrients.
It contains loose material of tiny particles
Growth of crops is very poor.
It can’t not hold water.
It is rough when touched with hand.
CHARACTERISTICS OF CLAY SOIL
It is very fine-grained soil.
It is smooth
It can be used for mounding when wet.
It is hard when the water in it dries up.
Growths of crops are poor on it.
It can hold water.
It has small and closely packed particles.
It can hold a lot of nutrients.
It does not allow air and water through it.
CHARACTERISTICS OF LOAMY SOIL
It is a rich soil.
It contains mixture of sand and clay.
It is the best soil for crops growing.
It can hold enough water
It is rich with nutrients
It is rich with minerals.
INSTRUCTIONAL PROCEDURE
The Teacher revises the previous lesson.
The Teacher introduces the topic.
The Teacher explains the lessons.
LEARNERS ACTIVITIES
Learners participate in the class discussion
Learners practice how to identify soil
EVALUATIVE ACTIVITIES
Mention three Characteristics of each Types of Soil.
CONCLUSION: the teacher summarizes the lesson.
WEEK 4
TOPIC: FORMATION OF SOIL
PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVES
At the end of this lesson, Pupils should be able to know:
The Agents of soil formation.
How soil is formed
ENTRY BEHAVIOUR/ PREVIOUS KNOWLEDGE: Pupils are familiar with the characteristics of types of soil.
REFERENCE MATERIALS
Universal Basic Education Curriculum.
NERDC Basic Education Curriculum for Primary Schools.
Unified Schemes of Work Primary Schools four Agricultural Science (MIDDLE BASIC)
Internet.
Lagos State Agricultural Science Scheme of Work
Agricultural Science for Primary Schools.
CONTENT
FORMATION OF SOIL
Soil formation show us how soil is formed. Soil is formed when rocks break down into smaller particles. It can also be called Weathering. This happens as a result of the following Agents.
Agents of soil formation
The agent of soil formation is:
Rain
Temperature
Wind
Man
Animals
Plants
RAIN
When rain falls, it touches the rocks which tears out tiny pieces of rocks. The water from the rain will wash these pieces of rock to form soil
TEMPERATURE
High temperature makes rock to expand, crack and break down into small pieces. It is cause by hot sun or heat
WIND
When heavy wind blows, it will blow away small pieces of rocks from the large ones which creates more room for loose rock to fall which later turn to soil.
MAN
Man help in soil formation when he/she make use of some farm tools like hoe on rocky areas, he try to break the little rocks or stones which later turn to soil. Man splitting firewood on the rock or breaking objects on the rock leads to soil formation.
ANIMALS
When huge animal like cattle’s, elephant walk on a rocky place, it breaks the rock into smaller pieces thereby forming soil. Also when animal dies their body decays and mixed with the soil.
PLANT
As plant keeps growing, the root of the plants keep expanding and getting strong on the ground. Like the root of trees breaks down rock particle during expansion and growth. Also when plants die their body decays and mixed with the soil.
THE PROCESS OF SOIL FORMATION
The decomposition and dissolution of rocks through weathering and with the help of soil organisms like earthworm. Bacteria, fungi, protozoa and the help of chemical substances in the soil bring about soil formation
INSTRUCTIONAL PROCEDURE
The Teacher revises the previous lesson (CHARACTERISTICS OF TYPES OF SOIL).
The Teacher introduces the topic (SOIL FORMATION).
The Teacher explains the lessons.
LEARNERS ACTIVITIES
Learners participate in the class discussion
Learners observe some rock samples
EVALUATIVE ACTIVITIES
Mention three agent of Soil formation.
How is soil formed?
CONCLUSION: the teacher summarizes the lesson.
[mediator_tech]
WEEK 5
TOPIC: PROPERTIES OF SOIL
PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVES
At the end of this lesson, Pupils should be able to know:
Mention the properties of loamy, sandy and clayey oil.
Explain the ways of enriching and maintaining soil fertility.
ENTRY BEHAVIOUR/ PREVIOUS KNOWLEDGE: Pupils are familiar with the characteristics of types of soil.
REFERENCE MATERIALS
Universal Basic Education Curriculum.
NERDC Basic Education Curriculum for Primary Schools.
Unified Schemes of Work Primary Schools four Agricultural Science (MIDDLE BASIC)
Internet.
Lagos State Agricultural Science Scheme of Work
Agricultural Science for Primary Schools.
CONTENT
Physical properties of soil
Each soil type has some physical properties. The property of any soil type is what makes it different from the others.
Sandy soil
This soil is different from clay and loam in many ways. Sandy soil contains tiny stone particles. It is rough when rubbed between the fingers, and it runs freely through the fingers when dry. It is found mostly along footpaths, deserts and erosion areas. It is loose and not that fertile.
CLAYEY
Clayey soil is slippery and sticky when wet. When dry, clayey soil is hard, very smooth, feels like powder, and it cracks. Have you seen a cracked soil before? That is clay. Clay is a bit fertile.
LOAMY SOIL
This soil has properties that are different from sand and clay. Loamy soil has a mixture of the properties of sand and clay. It is very rich in humus. It is, therefore, fertile and the best for farming.
How to enrich the soil
Causes of loss of soil fertility
Soil is said to be fertile when all the nutrients necessary for plant growth and development are present in it. Soil can lose its fertility in five main ways:
In some places, big forests and vast grasslands are set on fire to burn. Some of these areas are good farmlands. When this is done, dead and decaying leaves, grasses and living soil organisms are burnt. Dead leaves, grasses and soil organisms add fertility to the soil. Soil, therefore, loses its fertility when they are burnt.
Leaching
This is the downward movement of nutrients from the top soil to the underground layers of the soil. Some nutrients dissolve in water for plants to absorb as food. When rain falls, some water collects in low-lying areas of the farm and stays there for some time. As this water sinks into the soil, it carries with it dissolved soil nutrients. These nutrients can no longer be available to the plants growing On the surface of the soil. The nutrients are lost or leached away.
Erosion
This is the gradual wearing away of the top soil by water or wind. When rain falls, water flows on the surface of the soil. The water carries the top soil along with it. The top soil contains nutrients dissolved in water. These nutrients are carried away by the flowing water and are no longer available for plants to use.
Wind blows and carries some soil particles from one place to another. This soil contains some nutrients which are also carried away by the wind.
Crop removal
The crops that farmers plant in their farms absorb nutrients from the soil for their growth and development. These nutrients, once taken up or absorbed, are no longer in the soil. Another crop planted in the same soil the following year may not have sufficient nutrients for its own growth and development.
Clean clearing
Leaves on forest trees drop on the soil. These leaves die and decay, and add nutrients to the soil. When these trees are removed and the forest undergrowths cut, the soil loses its regular supply of nutrients from the forest.
INSTRUCTIONAL PROCEDURE
The Teacher revises the previous lesson.
The Teacher introduces the topic.
The Teacher explains the lessons.
LEARNERS ACTIVITIES
Learners participate in the class discussion
Learners observe some rock samples
EVALUATIVE ACTIVITIES
Mention the properties of loamy, sandy and clayey oil.
Explain the ways of enriching and maintaining soil fertility.
CONCLUSION: the teacher summarizes the lesson.
WEEK 7
TOPIC: WAYS OF MAKING SOIL FERTILE
PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVES
At the end of this lesson, Pupils should be able to know about:
Ways of making soil fertile.
ENTRY BEHAVIOUR/ PREVIOUS KNOWLEDGE: pupils are familiar Soil Formation.
REFERENCE MATERIALS
Universal Basic Education Curriculum.
NERDC Basic Education Curriculum for Primary Schools.
Unified Schemes of Work Primary Schools four Agricultural Science (MIDDLE BASIC)
Internet.
Lagos State Agricultural Science Scheme of Work
Agricultural Science for Primary School.
CONTENT
WAYS OF MAKING SOIL FERTILE
MANURING: use of manure and fertilizer will give the soil nutrient and make it productive.
MULCHING: it makes soil fertile by covering the top surface of the soil and plant with palm fronds, leavers to prevent air or winds from blowing the soil particles away and thereby adding nutrient to the soil when it decay.
CROP ROTATION: planting of different crop on a farm land at a time improve the soil fertility.
BUSH FALLOWING: leaving a farm land for sometimes make the soil to regain it loss nutrient and make it fertile again.
INSTRUCTIONAL PROCEDURE
The Teacher revises the previous lesson (SOIL FERTILITY).
The Teacher introduces the topic (WAYS OF MAKING SOIL FERTILE).
The Teacher explains the lessons.
LEARNERS ACTIVITIES
Learners participate in the class discussion
EVALUATIVE ACTIVITIES
Mention three Causes of loss in soil fertility.
Mention three Ways of making soil fertile
CONCLUSION: the teacher summarizes the lesson.
WEEK 8
TOPIC: PREPARATION OF COMPOST/MANURE
PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVES
At the end of this lesson, Pupils should be able to know about the:
Meaning of compost/manure.
Location of the compost
Methods of compost making
Materials for compost making
Steps in making compost
REFERENCE MATERIALS
Universal Basic Education Curriculum.
NERDC Basic Education Curriculum for Primary Schools.
Unified Schemes of Work Primary Schools four Agricultural Science (MIDDLE BASIC)
Internet.
Lagos State Agricultural Science Scheme of Work
Agricultural Science for Primary Schools.
CONTENT
MEANING OF COMPOST/MANURE
Compost is a mixture of decaying vegetation and manure (animals and plants); used as a fertilizer. Compost improves plants food and makes the crop to grow well. Location of compost
LOCATION OF THE COMPOST
We should consider the following before preparing compost
A source of water should be close by.
The ground should be a level and well drained.
It should be close to the farm garden.
It should be close to where materials for preparing compost will be collected.
There should be some shade to prevent intense sunlight from drying up the heap.
The compost should be store in a cemented with an overhead cover.
MATERIALS FOR MAKING COMPOST
Water
Soil
Plant garbage
Animal muck
Food waste
Little Wood ash (saw dust)
Dried flower
Dry leaves
Weed without seed
METHODS OF COMPOST MAKING
Pit method
Heap Method
STEPS IN MAKING COMPOST (PIT METHOD)
The following are steps for preparing compost using pit method.
Dig four pits labeled A, B, C and D. of equal size (1m * 1m * 0.5m).
Arrange the materials for making compost in layer separated by soil in pit A (Loading pit) and wet with water for easy decomposition.
After two weeks, move the content of pit A to B (first turn).
After about one week, move the content of B to C (second turn).
After another one week, move the content of pit C to D.
Cover the compost to prevent evaporation, leaching and erosion before applying it to the farm.
The content in pit D ids now the COMPOST/MANURE after 6 -8 weeks.
PREPARING COMPOST USING HEAP METHOD
Compost is prepared using heap method by placing the compost materials in a heap buried with soil and moistened with water.
INSTRUCTIONAL PROCEDURE
The Teacher revises the previous lesson (Ways of making soil fertile).
The Teacher introduces the topic (PREPARATIONO OF COMPOST/MANURE).
The Teacher explains the lessons.
LEARNERS ACTIVITIES
Learners participate in the class discussion
EVALUATIVE ACTIVITIES
What is compost?
List the Methods of compost making
Mention five Materials for compost making
Explain the Steps in making compost
CONCLUSION: the teacher summarizes the lesson.
WEEK 9
TOPIC: PROCESSES OF MAKING COMPOST/MANURE
PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVES
At the end of this lesson, Pupils should be able to know about the:
Methods of compost making
Steps in making compost
ENTRY BEHAVIOUR/ PREVIOUS KNOWLEDGE: the students are familiar with how to make compost.
REFERENCE MATERIALS
Universal Basic Education Curriculum.
NERDC Basic Education Curriculum for Primary Schools.
Unified Schemes of Work Primary Schools four Agricultural Science (MIDDLE BASIC)
Internet.
Lagos State Agricultural Science Scheme of Work
Agricultural Science for Primary School
CONTENT
METHODS OF COMPOST MAKING
Pit method
Heap Method
STEPS IN MAKING COMPOST (PIT METHOD)
The following are steps for preparing compost using pit method.
Dig four pits labeled A, B, C and D. of equal size (1m * 1m * 0.5m).
Arrange the materials for making compost in layer separated by soil in pit A (Loading pit) and wet with water for easy decomposition.
After two weeks, move the content of pit A to B (first turn).
After about one week, moves the content of B to C (second turn).
After another one week, move the content of pit C to D.
Cover the compost to prevent evaporation, leaching and erosion before applying it to the farm.
The content in pit D ids now the COMPOST/MANURE after 6 -8 weeks.
PREPARING COMPOST USING HEAP METHOD
Compost is prepared using heap method by placing the compost materials in a heap buried with soil and moistened with water.
INSTRUCTIONAL PROCEDURE
The Teacher revises the previous lesson (PREPARATION OF COMPOST/MANURE).
The Teacher introduces the topic (PROCESS OF COMPOST/MANURE).
The Teacher explains the lessons.
LEARNERS ACTIVITIES
Learners participate in the class discussion
EVALUATIVE ACTIVITIES
Explain the Steps in making compost
CONCLUSION: the teacher summarizes the lesson.
[mediator_tech]
Why farm produce should be processed
WEEK 10&11
TOPIC: WHY FARM PRODUCE SHOULD BE PROCESSED
PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVES
At the end of this lesson, Pupils should be able to know about:
The Meaning of farm produce.
The Importance of food processing
ENTRY BEHAVIOUR/ PREVIOUS KNOWLEDGE: the students are familiar with process of making compost.
REFERENCE MATERIALS
Universal Basic Education Curriculum.
NERDC Basic Education Curriculum for Primary Schools.
Unified Schemes of Work Primary Schools four Agricultural Science (MIDDLE BASIC)
Internet.
Lagos State Agricultural Science Scheme of Work
Agricultural Science for Primary Schools.
WORD FILE: product, grinding.
CONTENT
MEANING OF FARM PROCESSING
It is the process of turning raw food into eatable food and other product.
The processes can be the following:
Sun drying
Peeling
Milling
Soaking
Shelling
Grinding
Sieving
Parboiling
PROCESS OF PROCESSING CASSAVA INTO GARRI
The farmer will harvest the cassava from his/her farmland.
The cassava tubers will peeled
Then the cassava will be wash and taken to a machine for grinding.
After grinding it.
It will be taken to another machine for removal of water.
After the removal of water
It will fried using heat (fire)
Then we will have garri
IMPORTANCE OF FOOD PROCESSING
It improves usage of food.
Improves food value
Removal of poisonous agents from the food.
Helps in storage of food
Provide employment
Provide source of income
It enables us to get different kinds of food from a farm produce.
It makes transporting of produce easy.
Importance of food processing
NSTRUCTIONAL PROCEDURE
The Teacher revises the previous lesson (PROCESS OF MAKING COMPOST).
The Teacher introduces the topic (WHY FARM PRODUCE SHOULD BE PROCESSED).
The Teacher explains the lessons.
LEARNERS ACTIVITIES
Learners participate in the class discussion
Learners identify process and unprocessed food.
EVALUATIVE ACTIVITIES
Define farm produce.
List three Importance of food processing
CONCLUSION: the teacher summarizes the lesson.