Mastering Indices: An Introduction for JSS 2 Students Mathematics JSS 2 First Term Lesson Notes Week 2
Subject: Mathematics
Class: JSS 2 (Basic 8)
Term: First Term
Week: Week 2
Previous Lesson: Whole Numbers Notation and Numeration of Numbers
Topic: Introduction to Indices
Age: 12-13 years
Duration: 40 minutes
Behavioural Objectives:
At the end of the lesson, the pupils should be able to:
- Define indices and understand its basic concepts.
- Express numbers using indices.
- Identify and apply the laws of indices in simplifying expressions.
- Solve simple problems involving indices.
Keywords:
- Indices
- Exponent
- Base
- Power
- Laws of Indices
Set Induction:
The teacher will start the lesson by asking the pupils to multiply 2 by itself three times (2 times 2 times 2). The teacher then explains that this multiplication can be written in a shorter form using indices.
Entry Behaviour:
The pupils should have basic knowledge of multiplication and whole numbers.
Learning Resources and Materials:
- Flashcards with different numbers and their indexed forms.
- Charts showing the laws of indices.
- Whiteboard and marker.
Building Background/Connection to Prior Knowledge:
The teacher will connect the lesson to pupils’ previous knowledge of multiplication by showing how repeated multiplication can be represented using indices.
Embedded Core Skills:
- Critical thinking
- Problem-solving
- Numerical skills
Learning Materials:
- Mathematics textbooks
- Exercise books
- Index cards
Reference Books:
- New General Mathematics for Junior Secondary Schools 2
- Lagos State Scheme of Work for Mathematics JSS 2
Instructional Materials:
- Charts on laws of indices
- Flashcards with indices examples
- Whiteboard and marker
Content:
- Definition of Indices: Indices refer to the number of times a number (called the base) is multiplied by itself. It is also known as the exponent or power.
- Representation: For example, 2 raised to the power of 3 (written as 2^3) means 2 is multiplied by itself 3 times (2 times 2 times 2), which equals 8.
- Laws of Indices:
- Multiplication Law: When you multiply the same base, add the exponents. For example, a^m times a^n equals a^(m+n).
- Division Law: When you divide the same base, subtract the exponents. For example, a^m divided by a^n equals a^(m-n).
- Power of a Power Law: When raising a power to another power, multiply the exponents. For example, (a^m)^n equals a^(m*n).
- Zero Exponent Law: Any number raised to the power of zero equals 1. For example, a^0 equals 1.
- Negative Exponent Law: A negative exponent means taking the reciprocal of the base. For example, a^(-n) equals 1/a^n.
- Examples:
- 2^4 = 2 times 2 times 2 times 2 = 16
- 3^3 = 3 times 3 times 3 = 27
- 5^2 = 5 times 5 = 25
- a^2 times a^3 = a^(2+3) = a^5
Presentation:
Step 1: Introduction to Indices
The teacher introduces the concept of indices by explaining that it represents repeated multiplication of the same number.
Step 2: Explaining Laws of Indices
The teacher explains the laws of indices with examples, writing them on the board and demonstrating how they are applied.
Step 3: Solving Problems Involving Indices
The teacher provides sample problems for the pupils to solve, applying the laws of indices.
Teacher’s Activities:
- Define and explain indices.
- Demonstrate the laws of indices using examples.
- Guide pupils through solving problems involving indices.
Learners’ Activities:
- Listen to the teacher’s explanation.
- Participate in class discussions and examples.
- Solve given problems on indices.
Assessment:
- Express 3 times 3 times 3 times 3 as an index.
- Simplify 5^3 times 5^2.
- What is the value of 2^4?
- Simplify 7^5 divided by 7^2.
- What is the result of 10^0?
Evaluation Questions:
- What are indices?
- Express 4 times 4 times 4 as an index.
- State the multiplication law of indices.
- Simplify 2^3 times 2^2.
- What does a^(-3) represent?
- Calculate the value of 6^2.
- Simplify (3^2)^3.
- What is the result of 7^0?
- Write 5^(-2) in fractional form.
- Solve 8^4 divided by 8^2.
Conclusion:
The teacher will summarize the lesson, emphasizing the key points about indices, and then go around to check and mark the pupils’ work, providing feedback where necessary.