Human Growth and Development Basic Science Jss 2 First Term Lesson Notes Week 7

Lesson Plan for JSS 2 (Basic 8)

Subject: Basic Science
Class: JSS 2 (Basic 8)
Term: First Term
Week: 7
Age: 12 – 13 years
Topic: Human Growth and Development

Sub-topics:

1. Definition of Puberty
2. Emotional Changes at Puberty
3. Handling Pubertal Changes
4. Characteristic Features of Stages of Development
5. Emotional Development at Puberty

Duration: 80 minutes
Behavioral Objectives:
By the end of the lesson, students should be able to:

1. Define puberty and explain its significance in human development.
2. Identify and discuss the emotional changes that occur during puberty.
3. Describe effective ways to handle pubertal changes.
4. Explain the characteristic features of different developmental stages.
5. Discuss emotional development during puberty.

Keywords: Puberty, Emotional Changes, Developmental Stages, Pubertal Changes, Emotional Development
Set Induction:
Begin the lesson by asking students to share what they know about the changes that occur during adolescence. Use their responses to introduce the concept of puberty and its effects on physical and emotional development.

Entry Behavior:
Students have basic knowledge of growth and development and are familiar with the concept of changes during adolescence.

Learning Resources and Materials:

1. Diagrams showing the stages of human development
2. Charts illustrating the physical and emotional changes during puberty
3. Workbooks and textbooks
4. Visual aids and videos on puberty and adolescence

Building Background/Connection to Prior Knowledge:
Review the previous lesson on growth and development in living things, focusing on the changes that occur during different stages of life.

Embedded Core Skills:

1. Critical thinking and emotional awareness
2. Communication and self-reflection
3. Understanding human development

Learning Materials:

1. Diagrams and charts showing the stages of puberty
2. Visual aids depicting emotional changes during puberty

Reference Books:

1. Basic Science for Junior Secondary Schools (Lagos State Scheme of Work)
2. Essential Science for JSS 2 by Dr. O. O. Odumosu

Instructional Content:

1. Definition of Puberty

• Puberty: The period during which adolescents reach sexual maturity and become capable of reproduction. It is marked by physical changes such as the development of secondary sexual characteristics (e.g., growth of facial and body hair, deepening of the voice, breast development in females) and is typically accompanied by emotional and social changes.

2. Emotional Changes at Puberty

• Mood Swings: Adolescents may experience rapid changes in mood, from happiness to irritability or sadness.
• Increased Sensitivity: Adolescents become more sensitive to their surroundings and may feel misunderstood or self-conscious.
• Desire for Independence: A strong desire for autonomy and independence from parents and authority figures emerges.
• Interest in Relationships: Adolescents may begin to develop romantic feelings and become more interested in forming relationships.
• Self-Identity: Adolescents start to explore their personal identity, leading to questions about who they are and where they fit in society.

3. Handling Pubertal Changes

• Open Communication: Encouraging open discussions with trusted adults about the changes occurring can help alleviate confusion and anxiety.
• Healthy Lifestyle: Maintaining a balanced diet, regular exercise, and sufficient sleep supports physical and emotional well-being during puberty.
• Stress Management: Learning techniques like deep breathing, meditation, or engaging in hobbies can help manage stress and emotional fluctuations.
• Education: Understanding the changes that are happening through education can reduce fear and uncertainty.
• Support Systems: Seeking support from family, friends, or counselors can provide emotional stability during this transition.

4. Characteristic Features of Stages of Development

• Infancy: Rapid physical growth, development of motor skills, and dependency on caregivers.
• Childhood: Continued physical growth, development of language and cognitive skills, and socialization.
• Adolescence (Puberty): Rapid physical changes, development of secondary sexual characteristics, emotional and cognitive development.
• Adulthood: Stabilization of physical growth, peak cognitive abilities, and emotional maturity.
• Old Age: Physical decline, cognitive changes, and emotional adjustments.

5. Emotional Development at Puberty

• Self-Discovery: Adolescents explore their values, beliefs, and personal identity, which can lead to confusion and emotional turmoil.
• Increased Emotional Intelligence: The ability to understand and manage emotions improves, though this can be challenging.
• Peer Influence: The opinions and behaviors of peers become increasingly important, often affecting self-esteem and decision-making.
• Emotional Regulation: Learning to control and express emotions appropriately becomes a crucial part of development.

Evaluation:

1. Puberty is the period during which adolescents reach _______. (a) adulthood (b) sexual maturity (c) infancy (d) old age)
2. One emotional change during puberty is _______ swings. (a) mood (b) hunger (c) height (d) sleep)
3. Adolescents often desire more _______ during puberty. (a) sleep (b) independence (c) food (d) toys)
4. Puberty is marked by the development of _______ sexual characteristics. (a) secondary (b) primary (c) tertiary (d) basic)
5. _______ management is important in handling emotional changes during puberty. (a) Money (b) Stress (c) Height (d) Memory)
6. The exploration of _______ is common during emotional development at puberty. (a) identity (b) money (c) toys (d) cars)
7. Mood swings during puberty can make adolescents feel _______. (a) happy (b) angry (c) confused (d) tired)
8. Adolescents may become more _______ to criticism during puberty. (a) immune (b) sensitive (c) strong (d) resistant)
9. _______ can help adolescents understand the changes happening during puberty. (a) Education (b) Exercise (c) Money (d) Toys)
10. During puberty, adolescents might feel _______ by their peers’ opinions. (a) encouraged (b) influenced (c) ignored (d) unaffected)
11. The development of secondary sexual characteristics is a _______ change. (a) emotional (b) physical (c) social (d) financial)
12. Emotional development at puberty includes learning to _______ emotions. (a) hide (b) express (c) ignore (d) avoid)
13. A support system can provide _______ stability during puberty. (a) physical (b) emotional (c) financial (d) social)
14. Adolescents often seek _______ from friends during puberty. (a) independence (b) approval (c) money (d) education)
15. _______ communication with trusted adults helps in handling pubertal changes. (a) Open (b) Secret (c) Limited (d) Formal)

Class Activity Discussion:

1. Q: What is puberty?
   A: Puberty is the period during which adolescents reach sexual maturity and undergo physical, emotional, and social changes.
2. Q: Why do mood swings occur during puberty?
   A: Mood swings occur due to hormonal changes that affect the brain and emotions.
3. Q: How can adolescents handle the emotional changes of puberty?
   A: Adolescents can handle emotional changes by communicating openly, practicing stress management, and maintaining a healthy lifestyle.
4. Q: What are secondary sexual characteristics?
   A: Secondary sexual characteristics are physical features that develop during puberty, such as body hair, breast development, and voice changes.
5. Q: What role do peers play during puberty?
   A: Peers become increasingly influential during puberty, affecting self-esteem and decision-making.
6. Q: How can stress be managed during puberty?
   A: Stress can be managed through techniques like deep breathing, meditation, regular exercise, and engaging in hobbies.
7. Q: What is the significance of emotional development during puberty?
   A: Emotional development helps adolescents learn to understand, manage, and express their emotions appropriately.
8. Q: Why is education important during puberty?
   A: Education helps adolescents understand the changes they are experiencing, reducing fear and confusion.
9. Q: What is the role of a support system during puberty?
   A: A support system provides emotional stability and guidance, helping adolescents navigate the challenges of puberty.
10. Q: What is self-discovery, and why is it important during puberty?
    A: Self-discovery involves exploring one’s values, beliefs, and identity, which is crucial for personal development during puberty.
11. Q: What are the characteristic features of adolescence?
    A: Adolescence is characterized by rapid physical changes, emotional development, and the emergence of sexual maturity.
12. Q: How does increased sensitivity affect adolescents during puberty?
    A: Increased sensitivity can make adolescents more aware of and affected by their environment and the opinions of others.
13. Q: What are some healthy ways to handle pubertal changes?
    A: Healthy ways include maintaining open communication, practicing self-care, and seeking support from trusted adults.
14. Q: How can emotional regulation be developed during puberty?
    A: Emotional regulation can be developed by learning to identify emotions, understanding their triggers, and finding appropriate ways to express them.
15. Q: What changes occur in boys and girls during puberty?
    A: In boys, voice deepens, facial and body hair grows, and muscles develop. In girls, breasts develop, hips widen, and menstruation begins.

Changes in living things (Growth and Development)

Change in non – living things

Many changes take place in the body during puberty and leads to many waste products. When these products are expelled, they turn to affect the personal hygiene. Puberty is a transition stage from childhood to adolescence.

The Characteristics features of stages of development

1. Sensorimotor: (birth to about age 2)

This is the first stage where infants have the following basic senses: vision, hearing, and motor skills. In this stage, knowledge of the world is limited but is constantly developing due to the child’s experiences and interactions.[citation needed] According to Piaget, when an infant reaches about 7–9 months of age they begin to develop what he called object permanence, this means the child now has the ability to understand that objects keep existing even when they cannot be seen. An example of this would be hiding the child’s favorite toy under a blanket, although the child cannot physically see it they still know to look under the blanket.

2. Preoperational: (begins about the time the child starts to talk about age 7)

During this stage of development, young children begin analyzing their environment using mental symbols. These symbols often include words and images and the child will begin to apply these various symbols in their everyday lives as they come across different objects, events, and situations. However, Piaget’s main focus on this stage and the reason why he named it “preoperational” is because children at this point are not able to apply specific cognitive operations, such as mental math. In addition to symbolism, children start to engage in pretend play in which they pretend to be people they are not (teachers, superheroes). In addition, they sometimes use different props to make this pretend play more real. Some deficiencies in this stage of development are that children who are about 3–4 years old often display what is called egocentrism, which means the child is not able to see someone else’s point of view, they feel as if every other person is experiencing the same events and feelings that they are experiencing. However, at about at 7 thought processes of children are no longer egocentric and are more intuitive, meaning they now think about the way something looks instead of rational thinking.

3. Concrete: (about first grade to early adolescence)

During this stage, children between the age of 7 and 11 use appropriate logic to develop cognitive operations and begin applying this new thinking to different events they may encounter. Children in this stage incorporate inductive reasoning, which involves drawing conclusions from other observations in order to make a generalization.[citation needed] Unlike the preoperational stage, children can now change and rearrange mental images and symbols to form a logical thought, an example of this is reversibility in which the child now has the ability to reverse an action just by doing the opposite.

4. Formal operations: (about early adolescence to mid/late adolescence)

The final stage of Piaget’s cognitive development defines a child as now having the ability to “think more rationally and systematically about abstract concepts and hypothetical events”. Some positive aspects during this time is that child or adolescent begins forming their identity and begin understanding why people behave the way they behave. However, there are also some negative aspects which include the child or adolescent developing some egocentric thoughts which include the imaginary audience and the personal fable. An imaginary audience is when an adolescent feels that the world is just as concerned and judgmental of anything the adolescent does as they are, an adolescent may feel as is they are “on stage” and everyone is a critique and they are the ones being critiqued. A personal fable is when the adolescent feels that he or she is a unique person and everything they do is unique. They feel as if they are the only ones that have ever experienced what they are experiencing and that they are invincible and nothing bad will happen to them it will only happen to others.

GENERAL EVALUATION

1. Mention five emotional development experienced at puberty State.
2. State three effects of waste products from the body during pubertal changes.
3. How can you keep a high standard of personal hygiene?
4. Explain adulthood.
5. State the characteristics features of stages of development.

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT

1.     The first period of rapid growth is from A. Ten to seventeen years’            B. birth to about two years C. four to ten years D. seven to nine
2. Development takes place in the body when A. There is increase in size B. the body sizes to grow C. the body is able to perform particular function D. The moves expectedly
3. Maturity sets at the age of A. 30yrs 21yrs C. 25yrs D. 12yrs
4. One of the following is a basic factor affecting growth and development A. Crying
5. heredity C. bathing D. gene
6. Malfunctioning of thyroid gland results to a condition called A. cretinism B. giantism C. dwarfism D. talism

THEORY

• Name five functions that affect growth.
• Name two growth glands.
• What do you understand by cretinism?

Presentation Steps:

Step 1: Revising the Previous Topic

• Briefly review the concept of growth and development in living things, linking it to the upcoming topic on human growth and development.

Step 2: Introducing the New Topic

• Introduce the concept of puberty and explain its significance in human development, focusing on physical and emotional changes.

Step 3: Engaging Students in Discussion

• Encourage students to share their experiences and thoughts on puberty, facilitating a discussion on the emotional changes that occur.

Step 4: Discussing Characteristic Features

• Explain the characteristic features of each developmental stage, particularly adolescence. Use visual aids and diagrams to enhance understanding.

Step 5: Handling Pubertal Changes

• Discuss practical ways to handle pubertal changes, emphasizing the importance of communication, a healthy lifestyle, and stress management.

Step 6: Emotional Development at Puberty

• Focus on the emotional development that occurs during puberty, discussing how adolescents can navigate these changes.

Teacher’s Activities:

1. Explain the definition and significance of puberty with relevant examples.
2. Guide students in identifying emotional changes during puberty.
3. Facilitate discussions on handling pubertal changes and emotional development.
4. Use visual aids to explain the characteristic features of different developmental stages.

Learners’ Activities:

1. Participate in discussions about puberty and emotional changes.
2. Observe visual aids and diagrams showing the stages of human development.
3. Share personal experiences and ask questions about pubertal changes.
4. Discuss effective ways to handle the emotional aspects of puberty.

Assessment:

1. Define puberty.
2. Identify two emotional changes that occur during puberty.
3. Describe one way to handle pubertal changes.
4. Explain the characteristic features of adolescence.
5. Discuss one aspect of emotional development during puberty.

Evaluation Questions:

1. What is puberty?
2. Name one emotional change that occurs during puberty.
3. How can stress be managed during puberty?
4. What is a characteristic feature of adolescence?
5. How does increased sensitivity affect adolescents?
6. Name one secondary sexual characteristic in boys.
7. How can adolescents handle emotional changes during puberty?
8. Why is self-discovery important during puberty?
9. What role do peers play during adolescence?
10. Why is it important to have a support system during puberty?

Conclusion:

• Review the key concepts of puberty, including emotional changes, ways to handle pubertal changes, and the characteristic features of different developmental stages.
• Ensure students understand the importance of emotional development during puberty and how to navigate it effectively.

This lesson plan provides a comprehensive guide to understanding puberty, focusing on both physical and emotional changes. It engages students through discussions and practical strategies for navigating this critical stage of development.