MUSIC THIRD TERM JSS 1(BASIC 7)

THIRD TERM: E – LEARNING NOTES

JSS 1 (BASIC 7)

SUBJECT: MUSIC

SCHEME OF WORK                                                                                                                         

WEEK     TOPIC

1. Revision of Last term’s work.
2. Music Notation: Definition of Music Notation. Kinds of Music Notation.
3. Musical Notes and their Values. Definition of Musical Notes. Types of Musical Notes. Musical Notes with stems. Duration of the Notes in Beats. Relationship of Musical Notes.
4. Musical Rests and their Values: Definition of Musical Rests. Types of Musical Rests.
5. Dotted Notes and their Values: Definition of Dotted Notes. Effects of Dots. Effects of Double Dots.
6. Methods of Extending Note Values: Tie and Pause or Fermata. The Effect of Tie. The Effect of Pause.
7. Scales: Introduction, Definition of Scale, Kinds of Scale-Diatonic Scale and Chromatic Scale.
8. Degree Names of Major Scale: The Technical Names of the Degrees. Solfa Names of the Degrees.
9. Major Scale: Tetrachords. Tones and Semitones.
10. Major Scale of C Natural: Key C Major Scale. Tone- Semitone Arrangement.
11. Keyboard Setting/ Accidentals.
12. Revision/Examination.

WEEK 1: Revision of last term’s work

WEEK 2: Music Notation:

Instructional Materials: Cards, Sentence Stripes and Keyboard

Contents

——Definition of Music Notation

—— Kinds of Music Notation

Content Development

When we hear a good music that appeals to us, there is always the tendency for us to learn it fast.

Music is produced from well organized sounds; these musical sounds are written on paper with symbols or sign called NOTES.

Whenever we attempt to write music in any style, we are engaged in music notation. Therefore, music notation simply refers to the system of reproducing musical sounds in writing. It is the art of writing music.

Kinds of Music Notation

There are several methods of writing music, but at this level, we shall study only two types:

Staff Notation and Solfa Notation.

Staff Notation: It is the method of writing musical sounds on the staff or staves using symbols called musical notes, e. g.

Solfa Notation: The tonic solfa notation consists of seven letters of the alphabet. It involves the use of musical sounds such as:

D          r           m           f           s           l           t           d

Doh    ray      me        fah        soh      lah        te         doh

The doh or tonic is always the first and last note of the scale. It is sometimes called the home note.

Whenever we write musical sounds with these seven letters it is solfa notation.

Therefore solfa notation is the method of writing musical sounds with solfa notes, e. g. s: f: m:d: r: r d:-

A staff is also called stave. It consists of five horizontal lines and four enclosed spaces, e. g.

Evaluations

1. Define music notation.
2. Write the two types of music notation studied in this lesson.
3. Describe (1) Solfa notation, (2) Staff notation.

WEEK 3:

Topic: Musical Notes and their values. Instructional Materials: Cards, Diagrams and Keyboard.

Contents

—— Definition of Musical Notes.

——Types of Musical Notes.

——Musical Notes with Stems.

——Duration of the Notes in Beats.

——Relationship of Musical Notes.

Content Development

Musical sounds are represented in writing by symbols called notes which show their values, duration or length. These musical notes are of various shapes.

Types of Musical Notes:

There are six principal notes which are in common use nowadays. These notes are shown in the table below:

Musical Notes with Stems

The position of the stems of minim, crotchet, quaver, semi-quaver and demi semi-quaver can point upwards or downwards. This depends on the position of the notes on the stave.

As a rule, notes which lie below the third line of the stave have their stems pointing upwards, and placed after them (that is at the right side of the notes.)  For example:

All these notes lie below the third line of the stave. Thus, their stems point upwards.

On the other hand, notes which lie above the third line of the stave have their stems pointing downwards, and placed in front of the notes (that is, at the left side of the notes). For example:

Notice the position of the stems of all the notes above the third line of the stave. They all point downwards.

However, notes on the third line of the stave have their stems up or down depending on how the notes progress on the stave, e. g.

Duration of the Notes in Beats

The mathematical values of these musical notes can be in BEATS. For example, the semibreve is a whole note and contains four crotchets beats. Other notes are reckoned in relation to the whole note (Semibreve). A table of the musical notes with their duration in beats is shown below:

Relationship of Musical Notes

The musical notes are related with one another, for example:

1. A Semibreve contains two Minims, four crotchets, eight quavers, sixteen semi- quavers, and thirty- two demisemiquavers.
2. A Minim contains two crotchets, four quavers, eight semiquavers, and sixteen demisemiquavers.
3. A Crotchet contains two quavers, four semiquavers and eight demisemiquavers.
4. A Quaver contains two semi- quavers and four demisemiquavers.
5. A Semiquaver contains two demisemiquavers.

The diagram above is a true representation of how the notes are related.

Evaluations

1. Define musical notes.
2. State the six musical notes in common use.
3. Identify the musical notes by their symbols.
4. Say the value of the notes in beats.

WEEK: 4

Topic: Musical Rest and their values.

Content

• Definition of musical rests.
• Types of musical rest

Content development

Musical rest; whenever we are working or doing any manual activity, we occasionally take time off to rest, probably, so as to refresh our working strength. During a work session, we may have several such rests of varying duration or length. So, whatever we are doing we need some rest to avoid break down in strength or interest.

In music, musical rests are moment of silence during a musical performance. A rest indicates temporary suspension of sounds.

Types of musical rests; The six musical rests are as follows, semibreve rest or whole rest; Minim rest or half rest; Crotchet rest or quarter rest, quaver rest or eight rest, semiquaver rest or sixteenth rest and Demisemiquaver rest or thirty-second rest.

          Musical rests are of varying degrees of duration. They are represented with symbols whose values correspond with the musical notes. There are six rests, equivalent to the musical notes under study. The table below shows the rest symbols, their names and equivalent notes

Notice that both the rest symbols and their corresponding notes can be written without the staff as above. Below is another method of written them without the staff. Moreover, rest have their mathematical values as well as duration in beats or counts, for examples:\

Evaluation

1. Define a musical rest
2. Mention the six musical rest
3. Draw the shape of the following rest (a) semibreve (b) Minim (c) Crotchet.

Reference

Fundamentals of Music, for junior secondary schools, Upper Basic Education 1, Dr.H.C. Nwafor.

WEEK: 5

Topic: Dotted notes and their values

Content

• Definition of dotted notes
• Effects of dots
• Effect of double dots

Content Development

Definition of dotted notes

Dotted notes refer to notes which have dots placed after them. In other words, they are notes with Dots, e.g.

Dotted semibreve;

Dotted minim;

Dotted crotchet;

and so on.

Effects of Dots

When a dot is written after a note, the dot increases the value of the affected note by half. That is, the dot increases the value of the note by half of its original value. In other words, a dot placed after a note makes the note to sound half longer than the original duration of that note.

Evaluation

1. Define dotted notes
2. State the effects of dots on a note.

Reference

Fundamentals of Music, for junior secondary schools, Upper Basic Education 1, Dr.H.C. Nwafor.

Evaluation

1. List the three main method of extending note values.
2. Discuss how dots help to extend note values
3. Describe a tie.

Reference

Fundamentals of Music, for junior secondary schools, Upper Basic Education 1, Dr.H.C. Nwafor.

WEEK: 6

Topic: Methods of Extending note

Content:

• Methods of Extending note values
• The effects of Tie
• The effect of pause

Content Development

Methods of Extending Note values

Apart from dots, there are other methods of extending note values. These include Tie and Pause or Fermata. In other words, there are three major methods of extending note values, namely dots, tie and pause (fermata).

The Effects of Tie

A tie is a slightly curved line. It joins two or more notes of the same pitch, thereby lengthening the of the original note by the exact value of the attached notes. In other words, the sound of the first note is held through the length (duration) of the notes. Tied notes are not expected to sound differently, rather they should sound smoothly from the first note through the length of the other notes without break. For example a minim tied to a crotchet means that the sound of minim is held on to the crotchet without break.

In other words, they should be held to the combined value of the minim and crotchet.

The effect of pause

A pause (also called fermata) has its sign as;

When a pause is written above a note, the sound of the note is held about twice as long as the value of the note to which it is applied.

Evaluation

4. List the three main method of extending note values.
5. Discuss how dots help to extend note values
6. Describe a tie.

Reference

Fundamentals of Music, for junior secondary schools, Upper Basic Education 1, Dr.H.C. Nwafor.

WEEK: 7                                             

DATE…………………………………….

TOPIC: SCALES

CONTENT DEVELOPMENT:

What is a Scale?

The word scale comes from the Latin word “scala”. It means ladder. The sounds heard in a particular music can be arranged in alphabetical order ascending or descending to form what is called scale. The first seven letters of the English alphabet A-G are used to express the different sounds in use. Scales refer to a series of notes that go in an ascending and descending manner. The Major scale is the foundation from which all other scales are formed. C major scale begins with a C and ends with a C. The same rule applies with the rest of the keys where a D Major Scale begins and ends with a D, F Major Scale begins with an F and ends with an F and so on. The notes on a major scale is numbered from 1 to 8, this signifies the intervals.

TYPES OF SCALE: DIATONIC and CHROMATIC SCALES.

The Diatonic is a seven note scale while the 8^th note been the octave is repeated. It’s a musical scale that consists of five whole steps and two half steps for each octave, in which the two half steps are separated from each other by either two or three whole steps. The diatonic scale is most familiar as the major scale. Example of a diatonic scale:

Chromatic Scales

A chromatic scale has 12 notes and each step of the scale is a semitone. If you start on a C and play every available note until you arrive at the next C, you have played a chromatic scale. We don’t talk about chromatic scales as being in a particular key; we just talk about the note they start on – and they can start on any note.

Chromatic scale on C: full octave ascending and descending

EVALUATION

1. What is scale?
2. How many types of scale do we have?

ASSIGNMENT

1. How is chromatic scale been played?
2. Where did the word scala come from?

WEEK 8

A major scale consist of eight notes [the eight note being a repeat of the first note]. These eight notes are known as Degrees.

Apart from the degree names of the Roman figures names, there are technical names given to the degrees.

WEEK  9

Major Scale; Tetrachords, Tones and Semitones

Tetrachord is an equal division of a major scale. The diatonic major scale with its eight notes can be divided into two equal parts, each containing four notes, e.g. C D E F G A B C. When divided into two halves, C D E F into one group and G A B C into another group. Each group of four notes is called TETRACHORDS. The first half is known as lower tetrachord [L T], while the second half the upper tetrachord [UT].Thus in the above example C to F becomes the lower tetrachord [C D E F] and G to C [G A B C] is the upper tetachord.

Major scales contain five tones and two semitones, it therefore means that each tetrachord has two  tones and one semitone. For example, C to D is a tone while D to E is a semitone.[L T]. S similarly G to A is a tone, and B to C is a semitone.

Tones and Semitones

A semitone is the shortest distance [interval] between two notes. From the scale of C major, we notice the two natural semitones shown with slurs between the 3^rd and 4^th , 7^th and 8^th degrees. See the diagram below.

Apart from these natural semitones areas, semitones can be obtained by either raising or lowering the appropriate note[s]. For example, in key G major the 7^th note must be raised [sharpen] in order to secure the leading note [te] with semitone between 7^th and 8^th degrees. In key of F major, the 4^th degree has to be lowered [flattened] to obtain the semitone between the 3^rd and 4^th detiongrees.

Tone is an interval containing two semitones .A  Major scale has five tones which occur between the 1^st and 2^nd ,2^nd and 3^rd , 4^th and 5^th , 5^th and 6^th and 6^th and 7^th degrees.

This is the structural pattern of all major scales . Tone  Tone  Semitone, Tone Tone  Tone Semitone.

Evaluation

1 Explain the term ‘Tetrachord’in your word.

2 What is a Tone

3 write the order of tones and semitones in a major scale.

WEEK: 10

MAJOR SCALE OF C NATURAL

Major scales:

In music theory, the major scale or Ionian scale is one of the diatonic scales. It is made up of seven distinct notes, plus an eighth which duplicates the first an octave higher. In solfa notation, these notes correspond to the syllables “Do, Re, Mi, Fa, Soh, La, Ti, (Do)”, the “Do” in the parenthesis at the end being the octave of the root. The simplest major scale to write or play on the piano is C major, the only major scale not to require sharps or flats, using only the white keys on the piano keyboard:

Keyboard finger chart; To play the keyboard without stress there is need for mastering the fingering

This method is called Finger chart method and it shows the positioning of the fingers on the keyboard or Piano.

C Major Scale:

Fingering for scales

Right Hand Fingering Suggestion:

After playing the E (3rd finger), cross thumb (1st finger) under to play F note.

Left Hand Fingering Suggestion:

Start with pinky (5th finger) on C note. After playing the G note with thumb (1st finger), 3rd finger (long finger) crossed over to reach and play A note.

Repeat playing the scale until you can play it relatively fast and smoothly!

Remember after you’re done playing with the thumb (1st finger), you need to let the third or fourth finger cross over to reach the next note. If you’re done playing with the third or fourth finger, you need to let the thumb go under to reach the next note.

EVALUATION:  1. Define keyboard instrument

2. Mention types of keyboard instrument

Weekend assignment

1. List five other types of keyboard instruments
2. How is the keyboard arranged
3. Practice the keyboard fingering using both hands.

WEEK: 11

KEYBOARD

CONTENT DEVELOPMENT

Definition: The piano or keyboard instruments are musical instrument arranged in black and white keys which are usually 5 or 7 octaves and can be use to play the four musical parts at once. Piano is also referred to as a mini orchestra.

Types of keyboard instruments: We have different types of keyboard instruments, sometimes it is been refer to as Organ but keyboards instruments are divided into three groups which includes the Keyboard, the piano, and the organ. For clarification, examples of the groups of keyboard instrument include;

Organ; Pipe organ, Pump Organ, Electric organ, Reed organ.

Piano; Upright piano, Grand piano, Electric piano

Keyboard; these is the computerized Keyboard that has all kind of sound in it.

The arrangement of keys on the piano or pianoforte (Keyboard Settings)

As shown in the diagram above the piano is arrange in such a way that we have white keys below and black keys above and they both have their peculiar sounds. The white keys represent natural notes, and the blacks represent flats and sharp notes.

As we know that the keyboard is arranged in white & black keys also in TWO’s and THREE’s arrangement of the black keys. If one plays any black note/key while playing on C major, you will discover a strange tone/sound .i.e. the note is altered also the position of the key is changed and the letter name of the key is slightly affected..This phenomenon is regarded as ACCIDENTAL to music. There are 3 accidental notes and signs. They are Sharp (#), Flat (b)  and Natural . The SHARP SIGN raises the value of a note, the FLAT SIGN reduces the value of a note while the NATURAL SIGN restore the note back to the original note.

EVALUATION

1. What is a piano
2. How many keyboard instruments do we have?

ASSIGNMENT

1. List the Organ families.
2. List the Piano Families.
3. How many accidental notes do we have? Name them.