Word Bank and Sentence Building, Making new words from a given word, Modal Auxiliaries and Sentences formation from phrases and clauses

Word Bank and Sentence Building

Learning Objectives :

By the end of the lesson, pupils should be able to

1. Make many words from the given words
2. Define and give examples of modal auxiliaries (must, ought to, will, have to, shall, can, must
3. Complete phrases with sentences
4. Summarize long sentences

Learning Activities

1. Pupils in small groups, brainstorm to provide many new words or compound words from the first given words. Examples (custom) – customs, customers, customary, custom-house, custom-made, custom-built.
2. Another group to find the synonyms of a given word eg (cold) chilly, cold, icy, frosty, arctic, snowy, wintry, frozen
3. Pupils, in small group complete a phrase on the board by adding extra words to make the sentence longer eg (dog) the dog, I saved the dog, I saved the dog yesterday, I was very happy when I saved the dog yesterday etc
4. Pupils in pairs, remove words and phrases from a very long sentence and end that sentence and makes it the same.
5. Further Reading : www.waylinkenglish.co. uk

Embedded Core Skills

1. Communication and Collaboration
2. Critical thinking and problem solving
3. Leadership skills and Personal Development
4. Creativity and Imagination

Learning Materials

• Wall charts
• Flash cards
• Word / Sentence Building games
• Drilling games
• Web Resources

Making new words from a given word

There are many ways to create new words from a given word, and there are no hard and fast rules for doing so. Some common ways to create new words from a given word include:

1. Adding prefixes or suffixes: Prefixes are added to the beginning of a word, and suffixes are added to the end of a word. For example, adding the prefix “re-” to the word “do” creates the word “redo”, and adding the suffix “-able” to the word “work” creates the word “workable”.
2. Combining words: Words can be combined to create new words. For example, the words “sea” and “horse” can be combined to create the word “seahorse”.
3. Using abbreviations: Words can be shortened by using abbreviations. For example, the word “television” can be shortened to “TV”.
4. Using acronyms: Words can be represented by an acronym, which is a pronounceable word made up of the first letters of a series of words. For example, the phrase “light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation” can be shortened to “laser”.
5. Using compound words: Words can be combined to create compound words. For example, the words “sun” and “flower” can be combined to create the word “sunflower”.

For more examples these are more words that can be made from the word  “custom”

1. Customs
2. Customize
3. Customized
4. Customization
5. Customizing
6. Customary
7. Customer
8. Customers
9. custom-made,
10. custom-house,
11. custom-built etc

Here are a few more examples of words that can be made from the word “custom”:

• Customarily: In a way that is typical or expected based on custom or tradition.
• Customization: The act of adapting or modifying something to meet the specific needs or preferences of an individual or group.
• Customary: Conforming to or based on custom or tradition.
• Custom-made: Made to the specifications or requirements of a particular customer.
• Custom-house: A government building where duties are collected on imported goods.
• Custom-built: Specifically designed or constructed for a particular purpose or customer.

Customary law: The body of unwritten rules and traditions that are recognized and enforced by a community or group.

Note that some of these words, such as “customarily” and “customary,” are adjectives that describe something as being typical or based on custom, while others, like “customization” and “custom-made,” are nouns that refer to specific actions or things.

synonyms of cold like chilly, cold, icy, frosty, arctic, snowy, wintry, frozen,

• frigid
• gelid
• nippy
• polar
• glacial
• subzero
• frostbitten
• brumal
• arctic-like
• frozen solid
• ice-cold
• biting
• numbing
• frigidly cold
• overcast and cold
• icebound
• snowy and cold
• wintry cold
• glacial temperatures

Evaluation

1. Which of the following is NOT a way to create new words from a given word? a. Adding prefixes or suffixes b. Combining words c. Using abbreviations d. Using acronyms e. Singing a song
2. Which of the following is an example of a compound word? a. Sunflower b. Redo c. Sea d. TV e. Laser
3. Which of the following is NOT an example of an acronym? a. FBI b. AIDS c. NASA d. Light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation e. ATM
4. Which of the following is an example of a prefix? a. -able b. Re- c. Anti- d. Post- e. Un-
5. Which of the following is an example of a suffix? a. -able b. Re- c. Anti- d. Post- e. Un-
6. Which of the following is NOT a compound word? a. Sunflower b. Redo c. Sea d. ATM e. Laser
7. Which of the following is an example of a word that has been shortened by using an abbreviation? a. Television b. FBI c. AIDS d. NASA e. ATM
8. Which of the following is NOT an example of a word created by adding a suffix to a given word? a. Possible b. Impossible c. Bear d. Careful e. Happiness
9. Which of the following is NOT an example of a word created by adding a prefix to a given word? a. Redo b. Rewrite c. Unhappy d. Disagree e. Bear
10. Which of the following is an example of a word created by combining two words? a. Sunflower b. Redo c. Sea d. ATM e. Laser

Modal Auxiliaries

A modal auxiliary is a type of auxiliary verb that is used to indicate modality, which refers to the possibility, necessity, or likelihood of an action or event. Modal auxiliaries are used to express concepts such as ability, possibility, probability, permission, obligation, and necessity.

Examples of modal auxiliaries include:

1. Can: indicates the possibility or ability to do something

• I can speak Spanish fluently.
• Can you pass me the salt?

2. Could: indicates the past possibility or ability to do something

• I could speak Spanish fluently when I was younger.
• Could you pass me the salt?

3. May: indicates possibility or permission

• May I borrow your pen?
• It may rain tomorrow.

4. Might: indicates possibility or probability

• He might be at the library.
• I might have left my phone at your house.

5. Must: indicates necessity or obligation

• We must leave now.
• You must do your homework before watching TV.

6. Shall: indicates a suggestion or offer

• Shall we go for a walk?
• What shall we have for dinner?

7. Should: indicates a recommendation or expectation

• You should eat more vegetables.
• We should leave early to avoid traffic.

8. Will: indicates a strong intention or determination

• I will finish this project by tomorrow.
• Will you help me move this furniture?

9. Would: indicates a request or conditional possibility

• Would you like to go to the movies with me?
• If I had more time, I would learn a new language.

Evaluation

1. What is the primary function of modal auxiliaries in English? a) To add emphasis to a sentence b) To indicate the speaker’s attitude or emotions towards the subject of the sentence c) To indicate the possibility or necessity of an action d) To indicate the past tense of a verb
2. Which of the following is NOT a modal auxiliary in English? a) Could b) Should c) Must d) Would e) Been
3. Which of the following sentences uses a modal auxiliary to express possibility? a) I will go to the store if I have time. b) I would go to the store if I had time. c) I am going to the store because I have time. d) I go to the store every day.
4. Which of the following sentences uses a modal auxiliary to express necessity? a) I should go to the store to get milk. b) I could go to the store to get milk. c) I go to the store to get milk. d) I will go to the store to get milk because I need it.
5. Which of the following sentences uses a modal auxiliary to express ability? a) I can speak Spanish fluently. b) I could speak Spanish fluently when I was younger. c) I spoke Spanish fluently when I was younger. d) I will be able to speak Spanish fluently soon.
6. Which of the following sentences uses a modal auxiliary to express permission? a) I may go to the store if I finish my homework. b) I can go to the store if I finish my homework. c) I will go to the store if I finish my homework. d) I am allowed to go to the store if I finish my homework.
7. Which of the following sentences uses a modal auxiliary to express a past ability? a) I could speak Spanish fluently when I was younger. b) I can speak Spanish fluently now. c) I was able to speak Spanish fluently when I was younger. d) I will be able to speak Spanish fluently when I am older.
8. Which of the following sentences uses a modal auxiliary to express a future possibility? a) I might go to the store later. b) I will definitely go to the store later. c) I am going to the store later. d) I went to the store earlier.
9. Which of the following sentences uses a modal auxiliary to express a past necessity? a) I had to go to the store yesterday. b) I need to go to the store today. c) I will need to go to the store tomorrow. d) I don’t have to go to the store today.
10. Which of the following sentences uses a modal auxiliary to express a past permission? a) I was allowed to go to the store yesterday. b) I am allowed to go to the store today. c) I will be allowed to go to the store tomorrow. d) I am not allowed to go to the store today.

What Are Phrases, Clauses, and Sentences

A phrase is a group of words that functions as a unit in a sentence, but it does not contain a subject and a verb.

A clause is a group of words that contains a subject and a verb.

A sentence is a group of words that expresses a complete thought and contains a subject and a verb.

Here are some examples:

Phrase:

• the cat in the hat
• at the store

Clause:

• The cat in the hat is playful.
• I will go to the store after work.

Sentence:

• The cat in the hat is playful and mischievous.
• I will go to the store after work, but I need to stop at the bank first.

Phrases and clauses are very important because they are the building blocks of sentences. Phrases are groups of words that act as a part of speech but cannot stand alone as a sentence. Phrases do not contain finite verbs and do not make much senses on their own. The words in a phrase act together so that the phrase itself functions as a single part of speech. For example, phrases can function as nouns, verbs, adjectives, or adverbs. A very good understanding of how different types of phrases function can make someone to avoid misplacing them or leaving them dangling in sentences.

Clauses are groups of words that have a subject and a predicate. Independent clauses express a complete thought and can stand alone as a sentence. Subordinate clauses can act as parts of speech but depend on the rest of the sentence to express a complete thought.

A sentence expresses a complete thought or sense and contains a subject (a noun or pronoun) and a predicate (a verb or verb phrase). A sentence starts with a capital letter and ends with a full stop. The four basic types of sentences—simple, compound, complex, and compound‐complex—use phrases and clauses in varying degrees of complexity