PESTS OF CROPS

Subject:

Agricultural Science

Class:

SS 2

Term:

Second Term / 2nd Term

Week:

Week 8

Topic:

GENERAL PESTS OF CROPS

Previous Knowledge: The pupils have previous knowledge of

GENERAL EFFECTS OF DISEASE ON CROP PRODUCTION

that was taught in their previous lesson.

Behavioural Objectives : At the end of the lesson, learners will be able to

Say the meaning of pests of crop
Mention types of crop pests
Write out the economic importance of Pests of crops

Instructional Materials

Wall charts
Online Resource
Textbooks
Laptop
Crop samples
Pictures that are related to the subject matter
Flash cards
www.edudelighttutors.com

Methods of Teaching

Role modelling
Questions and Answers
Explanation
Discussion
Recitation
Imitation
Story Telling
Dramatization

WEEK EIGHT

_________

TOPIC: PESTS OF CROPS

CONTENT

Meaning of crop pest
Types of crop pest
Classification of insect pest

MEANING OF CROP PEST

A crop pest can be defined as any organism capable of causing damage to the crop.

TYPES OF CROP PEST

Important crop pest are grouped in to the following classes;

Insects
Birds
Rodents
Monkeys
Man
Nematodes

CLASSIFICATION OF INSECT PEST

Biting and chewing insects: they possess strong mandible and maxillae (mouth parts) which enable them to bite and chew plant parts e.g termites, grasshoppers, leaf worm, mantids, locusts and beetles.
Piercing and sucking insects: they possess strong mouthparts called proboscis which enable them to pierce through plants and suck liquid materials from them. Examples are aphids, cotton strainers, mealy bugs, scale insects, capsids, mirids and white flies.
Burrowing insects: they and their larva stage are capable of burrowing the tissue of the plant parts or fruits or seeds. Examples are bean beetles, stem borers, maize weevils and rice weevils.

IMPORTANT PESTS OF MAJOR CROPS

Pest	Crops Attacked	Natures of Damages and Economic Importance	Prevention and Control Measures
Stem burrower	Cereals e.g. rice, maize, guinea corn.	Larvae bore holes into stems They eat up the tissues They weaken the plant	Uproot and burn infected plant Spray with insecticides e.g. Gammalin 20 Reduced growth and yield Early planting Crop rotation
Army Worm	Cereals e.g. maize	Larvae invade and eat up leaves and stem Reduce photosynthesis Retarded growth Reduced yield	Hand picking Spray with insecticides. E.g. DDT
Pod burrower	Legumes e.g. cowpea, soyabeans	Larvae bore into the pod They eat up the seeds Reduced yield	Crop rotation Early harvesting Spray with insecticides Introduce diseases.
Aphids	Legumes e.g. cowpea, soyabeans	Stunted growth Galls on leaves Vectors of disease e.g. rosette, mosaic disease of cowpea	Spray with insecticides to kill vector Uproot and burn infected plant
Leaf beetle	Legumes e.g. cowpea, soyabeans	They eat up the leaves Reduce photosynthesis Reduced yield	Spray with insecticides Use pest-resistant varieties.
Cocoa mirids (capsids)	Beverages e.g. Cocoa	They inject toxic saliva into plant Transmits fungal diseases Reduced yield Stunted growth	Spray with insecticides e.g. Gammalin 20 Regular Weeding
Yam beetles	Tubers e.g yam	Boreholes into yam tubers Reduced yield Reduction in quality and market value	Dust yam setts with Adrin dust before planting Crop rotation
Cassava Mealybugs	Tubers e.g cassava	Twisting of stem and reduced internodes Swelling of shoots Reduced yield	Early planting Use pest-resistant varieties. Cutting treatment Spray with insecticides
Green Spidermite	Tubers e.g cassava	They feed on the leaves Reduce rate of photosynthesis Reduced yield	Use biological control Spray with insecticides
Variegated Grasshopper	Tubers e.g Cassava, yam	Adults and larvae eat up the leaves and stem Reduce the rate of photosynthesis Reduced growth Reduced yield	Hand picking Spray with insecticides e.g. Adrex 40
Cotton Stainer	Cotton	They pierce and suck sap from plants Produce toxic saliva Transmit diseases Reduce quality of boll Leaf distortion	Hand picking Spray with insecticides
Cotton bollworm	Cotton	Larvae feeds on the seeds of cotton Crop rotation Destroy the lint and reduce its quality Premature fall of cotton boll	Spray with insecticides to kill insects Burn cotton plant debris after harvesting.
Thrips	Vegetables e.g. Onion, tomato	Browning of leaves Wilting of plant Reduced yield	Spray with insecticides
Leaf rollers	Vegetable	Rolling and twisting of leaves Reduction in rate of photosynthesis Reduced yield	Spray with insecticides e.g. Vetox 85
Leaf beetle	Vegetables e.g. pepper, okra and tomato	They eat up leaves and stems Reduced photosynthesis Reduction in yield and quality	Spray with appropriate insecticides e.g. Vetox 85
Bean beetle, grain weevils	Stored produce e.g. rice, cowpea and maize.	Boreholes into grains and eat them up Reduce the quality of stored produce Reduced farmer’s income Reduce the market value of grains Reduce viability of insfested grains	Early harvesting Proper storage of produce Proper cleaning and fumigation of store with phostoxin tablets or with lindane dust. Store grains over fire places Proper drying of seeds to reduce moisture content and kill the eggs and larva of pests.
Birds	Rice, maize, millets and sorghum	Feed on grains in the field Reduction in quality and yield Reduction in income of farmers	Use of bird scarer or scare crow Use of cage traps with baits Shooting with catapult Drumming or noise making on the farm Use of explosive mechanism at regular intervals Use of avicides Fencing /Screening farms in greenhouse
Rodents e.g. bush rabbit, rats and squirrel	Rice, yam, cassava and fruits	They feed on crops Destroy whole plant Reduction in yield Increase in cost of production	Trapping with braits. Use of rodenticides Use of string/wire traps Use of predators e.g. dogs and cats Clean weeding of farms Shooting and fencing Use of pit traps
Monkeys	Cocoa mango, banana, and orange	They eat up the fruits Reduce the quality of fruits Losses to the farmer	Use traps Shooting with gun where possible.

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF INSECT PESTS IN CROP PRODUCTION

They destroy crops in the fields through their biting, chewing, boring, sucking and defoliation activities.
They cause reduction in viability of stored produce
Spot of injuries by insect pests predispose crops to pathogen attack
They increase the cost of production as they are being controlled
They render vegetables and fruits unattractive and unmarketable
Some are of vectors of disease
The profits of farmers are reduced
They reduce the quality of produce either in the store or in the field
They generally reduce the yield of crops
They can also cause total death of crop plants.

Presentation :

The topic is presented step by step

Step 1: The class teacher revises the old topic

Step 2: The class teacher introduces the new topic

Step 3: The class teacher allows the pupils to give their own contributions and gives room for pupils” participation

Class Teacher and Pupils Activities. Interaction or Participation

This involves class teacher and pupils’ interaction, conversation, imitation or modeling through discussion, play method or just by recitation or asking and answering questions that are related to the topic that has just been taught.

EVALUATION

SECTION A

_____ is responsible for damages in crops. A. weeds B. water C. air D. pests
The following are rodents except _____. ?A. rat B. grasscutter C.squirrel D.monkey
The following are bitting and chewing insect except ____. A. termites B. capsids C.locust D. beetles
Stem burrowers will attack A. cereals B. legumes C. tubers D. spices
Cotton strainers and meleabugs are examples of _____ insects. A. biting B. chewing C. piercing D. burrowing

SECTION B

A. What are pests
List the five types of pests
A. List five effects of pests in crop production
List three control measures of plant disease
What are crop pests?
List the three classes of insect pests.

Conclusion :

The class teacher concludes the lesson by giving the pupils some notes on the topic that has just been taught. He goes round to mark and he does the necessary corrections.

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