JSS 1 THIRD TERM LESSON NOTE BASIC SCIENCE

SUBJECT:

BASIC SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY {BST} – BASIC SCIENCE

CLASS:

JUNIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL 1

TERM:

THIRD

SCHEME OF WORK

WEEK TOPIC

Revision of last term work; Human reproduction (I) – Menstruation, ovulation, fertilization
Human reproduction (II) – Pregnancy (conception) – signs and symptoms of pregnancy; stages of growth of the fetus
Force – meaning and types, contact and non-contact force, magnetic and gravitational force
Calculation of gravitational force; Balanced and unbalanced forces; Friction – meaning, uses, advantages and disadvantages
Space travel – meaning, purpose, benefits and dangers of space travel

Mid-term project

Gravitation and weightlessness – meaning and effect
Earth and space – solar system, rotation and revolution, eclipse and season
Earth and space – solar system, rotation and revolution, eclipse and season
Satellite – meaning and uses
Consequences and implications of teenage pregnancy – physical, social and emotional implication, Effects of drugs, self-medication and drug abuse during pregnancy, causes and consequences of birth defects
Revision
Examination

WEEK ONE

HUMAN REPRODUCTION (I)

Menstruation
Ovulation
Fertilization

Menstruation

Menstruation is the monthly flow or discharge of blood from the vagina of a woman at child bearing age. It is also called period. The first occurrence of menstruation is called menarche.

The first period usually begins between twelve and fifteen years of age. The periods, however may occasionally start as young as eight years old and still be considered normal.

The typical length of time between the first day of one period and the first day of the next is on the average of 28days. Menstruation stops occurring at menopause, which usually occurs between 45 and 55 years of age.

This flow of blood usually lasts between 2 to 7 days but on the average it is 5days

During pregnancy and for some time after childbirth, menstruation does not occur; this state is known as amenorrhea.

Menstrual disorders and problems associated with menstruation

Heavy period: This is when there is an unusual and excessive flow of blood. It can also cause an extension of the bleeding to seven days.
The absence of menstrual periods: This condition involves an absence of menstruation for 3 months or longer in a sexually mature woman who is not pregnant or breastfeeding.
Pain and discomfort: Just before and/ or during menstruation there can be that is severe enough to interfere with normal daily activities. Such pain is usually experienced in the abdominal region and lower back as well as abdominal bloating, breast tenderness, headache, sleep problem and mood swings.
Bleeding between menstrual periods: (Such as abnormal uterine bleeding, spotting) can be the symptom of another medical condition, which can vary from minor to serious. Women who experience abnormal uterine bleeding should contact a health care provider.

MENSTRUAL HYGIENE

Choose your method of sanitation: It is essential to choose one that has the lowest absorbency rate for your flow. Frequent switching between brands can make you uncomfortable.
Change sanitary pad regularly: Menstrual blood, once it has left the body gets contaminated with the body’s innate organisms. Therefore, the standard time to change a sanitary pad is once every six hours.
Wash yourself regularly: When you menstruate the blood tends to enter tiny spaces like the skin between your labia or crust around the opening of the vagina and you should always wash this excess blood away. This practice also tends to beat bad odor from the vagina region.so, it is important to wash your vagina and labia well before you change into a new pad. If you cannot wash yourself before you change make sure you wipe off the areas by using toilet papers or tissues
Don’t use soap or vaginal hygiene product: The vagina has its own cleaning mechanism that works in a very fine balance of good and bad bacteria. Washing it with soap can kill the good bacteria making way for infections. So you can use soap on the external parts but do not use it inside your vagina or vulva.
Use the right washing techniques always: Wash or clean the area in a motion i.e. from the vagina to the anus and never wash in the opposite direction. Washing in the opposite direction can cause bacteria from the anus to enter into the vagina and urethral opening leading to infection.
Discard your used sanitary products properly: It is essential to discard your used napkins or sanitary pads properly because they are capable of spreading infections. Wrap it very well before discarding it. It is also important that you wash your hand very well after discarding your used napkins.
Beware of a pad rash: A pad rash is something that you might experience during the period of heavy flow.it usually occurs when the pad has been wet for a long time and rubs along the thighs causing it to chaff.to prevents this from occurring try to stay dry during your periods.
Use only one method of sanitation at a time: Some women who have heavy flow during their periods may use several pads at a time this practice is bad because the two pads absorbs the blood and you don’t see that they are completely used up, so you are unlikely to change at regular and healthy interval. This can lead to rashes and infections.
Have a bath regularly: Having a bath is the best thing you can do for your body during your periods. Bathing not only cleanses your body but also gives you a chance to clean your private part very well.it also helps to relieve menstrual cramps, backaches and makes you feel much better at the end of it.
Be ready or always prepared during your periods: When you have your periods, it is important to be ready by making arrangement for extra cleaning and sanitary materials. Make sure you store them properly so that they don’t get contaminated

Ovulation

Ovulation is the part of the female menstrual cycle whereby a mature ovarian follicle discharges an egg (also known as an ovum, oocyte or female gamete). It is during this process that the egg travels down the fallopian tube where it may be fertilized by a sperm. The process of ovulation usually occurs between the 10^th and 19^th day into the menstrual cycle and this is the time when humans are most fertile.

Ovulation typically stops at menopause.

Note: that once a female child starts menstruating, ovulation automatically begins which means such a female child can get pregnant if there is sexual intercourse.

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF OVULATION

Change in cervical fluid or mucus: Cervical fluid or mucus that resembles” egg white “is the sign that you are near ovulation or you are ovulating. Ovulation takes place on the day a woman has the most amount of wet fluid or mucus.
Change in basal body temperature: An increase in basal body temperature is a sign that ovulation, the cervix will be soft, high, open and wet.
Breast tenderness and sensitivity: During ovulation the breast becomes tender and sensitive.
Increase libido or sexual urge: During ovulation there is an increase in sexual urge in women
Increase in the sense of vision, smell and taste: During ovulation there is an increase in the sense of vision, smell and taste

Fertilization

This is the fusion of the male gamete (i.e. the sperm) and the female gamete (.i.e. the ovum) to form a zygote. It occurs in the fallopian tube of the female. After fertilization the zygote grows and develops to form the young one. The process of fertilization always results to pregnancy

CLASSWORK 1

What is ovulation?
State 4 ovulation sign
Define menstruation?

ASSIGNMENT 1

SECTION A

An increase in basal body temperature is one of the signs and symptoms of (a) menopause (b) pregnancy (c) growth (d) puberty
The vagina should be washed always with soap in other to make it healthy (a) true (b) false (c) maybe (d) partly correct
The fusion of the male and female gamete to form a zygote is known as (a) conception (b) fertilization (c) menopause (d) menstruation
Another word for menstruation is (a) period (b) pregnancy (c) fertilization (d) gamete
Which of these statements is true of a female child who menstruates? (a) she can become pregnant (b) she will not be happy again (c) she is easily irritated with life (d) her level of assimilation decreases

SECTION B

What is fertilization?
Mention 4 signs to show that someone is pregnant
Mention 3 menstrual disorder

WEEK TWO

HUMAN REPRODUCTION (II)

Pregnancy
Signs and symptoms of pregnancy
Stages of growth of the fetus

Pregnancy (conception)

Conception is also known as pregnancy.it is the period between fertilization and the birth of the young one .In human, the period of pregnancy is about 9 months.

Signs and symptoms of pregnancy

Food aversions: If a woman is newly pregnant she may feel repelled by the smell of some food. She may also find that certain food she used to enjoy as suddenly completely repulsive to her.
Mood swings: It is common to have mood swings during pregnancy due to the changes in the hormone in the body every woman respond differently to these changes.
Abnormal bloating: Hormonal changes in early pregnancy may lead to the feeling of bloating that is similar to the feeling some women have just before their period
Frequent urination: Shortly after a woman becomes pregnant, hormonal changes makes a chain of events that raises the rate of blood flow through the kidneys this cause your bladder to fill more quickly so you need to pee more often
Fatigue: Pregnant women tend to always feel tired and exhausted during pregnancy and this leads to sleepiness and sluggishness
Sore breast: The breast becomes swollen and sensitive during pregnancy due to its rising levels of hormones in their body
Missed period: If a woman missed her period, it is an indication that she is pregnant. Although it is possible to still experience the monthly menstrual period even when a woman is pregnant
High basal body temperature: If you have been charting your basal body temperature and you see that your body temperature has stayed elevated for 18days in a roll it is an indication that you are probably pregnant.

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CARE NEEDED DURING PREGNANCY

Get pregnancy test as soon as you miss your period
Talk with your partner and someone else you trust
Begin antenatal care check-ups with a medical doctor
Follow proper antenatal care instructions which include avoiding all drugs and medicine not prescribed by a medical doctor
Eat nourishing foods rich in protein, calcium folic acid, iodine and iron and drink plenty of water and fruit juices
Get adequate rest and relaxation
Do not smoke cigarettes or take alcohol

MYTHS AND FACTS ABOUT PREGNANCY

A myth refers to something that many people believe but that does not exist in the reality. It is false. On the other hand, a fact is something that is known to be true, especially that can be proved. There are myths and facts about pregnancy especially in the African traditional set up.

MYTHS ABOUT PREGNANCY

Only pregnancy can make a woman miss her monthly period
All pregnant women vomit
Pregnancy makes you unclean before God
All pregnant women have morning sickness
Pregnant women should not dye their hair
Pregnant women shouldn’t eat fish
I can’t get pregnant if I have my period
I can’t get pregnant the first time I have sex
If I wash out my vagina after sex I won’t get pregnant
Pregnant women should not take baths

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FACTS ABOUT PREGNANCY

Pregnant women should not carry heavy objects
Some women may experience some bleeding and yet be pregnant
Pregnant women should not change cat litter
Pregnant women should not drink alcohol
You can be pregnant for over a year

Stages of growth of the fetus

Each month a group of eggs (called oocytes) is recruited from the ovary for ovulation (release of the egg). The eggs develop in small fluid-filled cysts called follicles. Normally, one follicle in the group is selected to complete maturation. This dominant follicle suppresses all the other follicles in the group, which stop growing and degenerate.

The mature follicle opens and releases the egg from the ovary (ovulation). Ovulation generally occurs about two weeks before a woman’s next menstrual period begins. After ovulation, the ruptured follicle develops into a structure called the corpus lustrum, which secretes progesterone and estrogen. The progesterone helps prepare the endometrium (lining of the uterus) for the embryo to implant.

On average, fertilization occurs about two weeks after your last menstrual period. When the sperm penetrates the egg, changes occur in the protein coating around it to prevent other sperm from entering. At the moment of fertilization, a baby’s genetic make-up is complete, including its sex.

If a Y sperm fertilizes the egg, the baby will be a boy; if an X sperm fertilizes the egg, and the baby will be a girl.

Human chorionic gonadotropin is a hormone present in your blood from the time of conception. It is produced by cells that form the placenta and is the hormone detected in a pregnancy test. However, it usually takes three to four weeks from the first day of your last period to increase enough to be detected by pregnancy tests.

Within 24 hours after fertilization, the egg begins dividing rapidly into many cells. It remains in the fallopian tube for about three days. The fertilized egg (called a blastocyst) continues to divide as it passes slowly through the fallopian tube to the uterus where its next job is to attach to the endometrium (a process called implantation). Before this happens, the blastocyst breaks out of its protective covering. When the blastocyst establishes contact with the endometrium, an exchange of hormones helps the blastocyst attach. The endometrium becomes thicker and the cervix is sealed by a plug of mucus.

Within three weeks, the blastocyst cells ultimately form a little ball, or an embryo, and the baby’s first nerve cells have already formed. Your developing baby is called an embryo from the moment of conception to the eighth week of pregnancy. After the eighth week and until the moment of birth, the developing baby is called a fetus.

The development stages of pregnancy are called trimesters or three-month periods, because of the distinct changes that occur in each stage.

STAGES OF GROWTH: MONTH BY MONTH

Month 1

As the fertilized egg grows, a water-tight sac forms around it gradually; filling it with fluid. This is called the amniotic sac, and it helps cushion the growing embryo.

The placenta also develops. The placenta is a round, flat organ that transfers nutrients from the mother to the baby, and transfers wastes from the baby.

A primitive face will take form with large dark circles for eyes. The mouth, lower jaw, and throat are developing. Blood cells are taking shape, and circulation will begin. The tiny “heart” tube will be at 65 times a minute by the end of the fourth week. By the end of the first month, the baby is about 1/4 inch long – smaller than a grain of rice!

Month 2

The baby’s facial features continue to develop. Each ear begins as a little fold of skin at the side of the head. Tiny buds that eventually grow into arms and legs are forming. Fingers, toes and eyes are also forming. The neural tube (brain, spinal cord and other neural tissue of the central nervous system) is well formed. The digestive tract and sensory organs begin to develop. Bone starts to replace cartilage.

The head is large in proportion to the rest of the baby’s body. By the end of the second month, your baby is about 1 inch long and weighs about 1/30 of an ounce. At about 6 weeks, your baby’s heart beat can usually be detected. After the 8th week, your baby is called a fetus instead of an embryo.

Month 3

The baby’s arms, hands, fingers, feet, and toes are fully formed. The baby can open and close its fists and mouth. Fingernails and toenails are beginning to develop and the external ears are formed. The beginnings of teeth are forming. The baby’s reproductive organs also develop, but the baby’s gender is difficult to distinguish on ultrasound.

By the end of the third month, your baby is fully formed. All the organs and extremities are present and will continue to mature in order to become functional. The circulatory and urinary systems are working and the liver produces bile. At the end of the third month, your baby is about 4 inches long and weighs about 1 ounce. Since the baby’s most critical development has taken place, the chance of miscarriage drops considerably after three months.

Month 4

The baby’s heartbeat may now be audible through an instrument called a Doppler. The fingers and toes are well-defined. Eyelids, eyebrows, eyelashes, nails, and hair are formed. Teeth and bones become denser. The baby can even suck his or her thumb, yawn, stretch, and make faces.

The nervous system is starting to function. The reproductive organs and genitalia are now fully developed, and the doctor can see on ultrasound if the baby is a boy or a girl. By the end of the fourth month, the baby is about 6 inches long and weighs about 4 ounces.

Month 5

One may begin to feel the baby move, since he or she is developing muscles and exercising them. This first movement is called quickening.

Hair begins to grow on the baby’s head. The baby’s shoulders, back, and temples are covered by a soft fine hair called lanugo. This hair protects the baby and is usually shed at the end of the baby’s first week of life. The baby’s skin is covered with a whitish coating called vernix caseosa. This “cheesy” substance is thought to protect baby’s skin from the long exposure to the amniotic fluid. This coating is shed just before birth. By the end of the fifth month, the baby is about 10 inches long and weighs from 1/2 to 1 pound.

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Month 6

The baby’s skin is reddish in color, wrinkled, and veins are visible through the baby’s translucent skin. Baby’s finger and toe prints are visible. The eyelids begin to part and the eyes open.

Baby responds to sounds by moving or increasing the pulse. One may notice jerking motions if baby hiccups. If born prematurely, the baby may survive after the 23rd week with intensive care. By the end of the sixth month, the baby is about 12 inches long and weighs about 2 pounds.

Month 7

The baby will continue to mature and develop reserves of body fat. The baby’s hearing is fully developed. He or she changes position frequently and responds to stimuli, including sound, pain, and light. The amniotic fluid begins to diminish.

At the end of the seventh month, the baby is about 14 inches long and weighs from 2 to 4 pounds. If born prematurely, the baby would be likely to survive after the seventh month.

Month 8

The baby will continue to mature and develop reserves of body fat. One may notice that the baby is kicking more. Baby’s brain is developing rapidly at this time, and the baby can see and hear.

Most internal systems are well developed, but the lungs may still be immature. The baby is about 18 inches long and weighs as much as 5 pounds.

Month 9

The baby continues to grow and mature: the lungs are nearly fully developed. The baby’s reflexes are coordinated so he or she can blink, close the eyes, turn the head, grasp firmly, and respond to sounds, light, and touch. Baby is definitely ready to enter the world!

One may notice that the baby moves less due to tight space. The baby’s position changes to prepare itself for labor and delivery. The baby drops down in the pelvis. Usually, the baby’s head is down toward the birth canal. The baby is about 18 to 20 inches long and weighs about 7 pounds.

CLASSWORK 2

What is pregnancy?
Give four facts about pregnancy

ASSIGNMENT 2

Pregnancy is a biological process in which a woman’s body undergoes various changes to support the development of a fetus in her uterus. Here are four facts about pregnancy:

1. Fertilization and implantation: Pregnancy begins with fertilization, which occurs when a sperm penetrates an egg. This forms a single cell called a zygote. The zygote then undergoes multiple divisions, forming an embryo. The embryo eventually implants itself into the lining of the uterus, where it receives nourishment and begins to develop.

2. Trimesters and gestational age: Pregnancy is typically divided into three trimesters, each lasting about three months. The first trimester is characterized by rapid fetal development and hormonal changes in the mother’s body. The second trimester is often considered a more comfortable phase, with the fetus growing and the mother feeling movements. The third trimester involves significant fetal growth and preparation for birth. Gestational age is measured from the first day of the woman’s last menstrual period and is used to track the progress of pregnancy.

3. Hormonal and physical changes: During pregnancy, the woman’s body experiences numerous hormonal and physical changes. Hormones such as human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), estrogen, and progesterone play crucial roles in supporting the pregnancy and regulating various bodily functions. Physical changes may include weight gain, breast enlargement, increased blood volume, and expansion of the uterus to accommodate the growing fetus.

4. Prenatal care and fetal development: Prenatal care is essential during pregnancy to monitor the health and development of both the mother and the fetus. Regular check-ups, ultrasounds, and various tests help assess the well-being of the pregnancy. Meanwhile, the fetus undergoes remarkable development throughout the gestation period, starting from the formation of major organs and structures in the early stages to the growth and maturation of body systems in later stages.

It’s important to note that while these facts provide a general overview of pregnancy, individual experiences may vary, and it is always recommended to consult healthcare professionals for personalized guidance and information.

SECTION A

The following are not symptoms of pregnancy in human except (a) fighting (b) fatigue (c) crying (d) walking
The ideal pregnancy duration in human is (a) 6 months (b) 7 months (c) 8 months (d) 9 months
The fusion of the male and female gamete to form a zygote is known as (a) conception (b) fertilization (c) menopause (d) menstruation
The fluid that cushions the growing embryo is called (a) water (b) mineral (c) amniotic fluid (d) baby fluid
Pregnancy can be detected with any of these symptoms except (a) nausea (b) fatigue (c) food aversion (d) menstruation
The _________ trimester involves significant fetal growth and preparation for birth. a) Third b) Second c) Fourth
Hormones such as _________ play crucial roles in supporting the pregnancy. a) Progesterone b) Melatonin c) Thyroxine
The expansion of the uterus allows it to accommodate the growing _________. a) Fetus b) Placenta c) Umbilical cord
Fertilization and implantation lead to the formation of an _________. a) Embryo b) Ovum c) Uterus
Prenatal care includes regular check-ups, ultrasounds, and various _________. a) Tests b) Vaccinations c) Surgeries
The first trimester is a critical period for the formation of _________ and major structures. a) Organs b) Glands c) Cells
_________ age is used to track the progress of pregnancy. a) Gestational b) Chronological c) Menstrual
The growth and maturation of body systems occur during the _________ stages of pregnancy. a) Later b) Early c) Middle
Pregnancy is a biological process that occurs in the _________ sex. a) Female b) Male c) Both
It is important to consult _________ professionals for personalized guidance during pregnancy. a) Healthcare b) Legal c) Financial
Pregnancy is the biological process in which a woman’s body undergoes changes to support the development of a __________. a) Fetus b) Embryo c) Zygote
Fertilization occurs when a _________ penetrates an egg. a) Sperm b) Hormone c) Uterus
The process of implantation takes place in the _________. a) Uterus b) Ovary c) Fallopian tube
Pregnancy is divided into ________ trimesters. a) Three b) Four c) Two
The first trimester is characterized by rapid _________ development. a) Fetal b) Maternal c) Placental
The second trimester is often considered a more comfortable phase, with the mother feeling ___________. a) Movements b) Contractions c) Dizziness
Gestational age is measured from the first day of the woman’s _________ menstrual period. a) Last b) First c) Irregular
During pregnancy, the woman’s body experiences hormonal changes, such as an increase in ___________ levels. a) Estrogen b) Insulin c) Testosterone
Physical changes during pregnancy may include weight gain and enlargement of the _________. a) Breasts b) Hands c) Feet
Prenatal care is important to monitor the health and development of both the _________ and the fetus. a) Mother b) Father c) Grandparents

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SECTION B

Carefully state the difference between fertilization and conception
Mention any four signs and symptoms of pregnancy
Mention three ways of detecting pregnancy

WEEK THREE

FORCE

Meaning
Types of Force
Contact and non-contact force
Magnetic and gravitational force

Meaning

A force can be defined as any action that makes or tries to move, stop or alter the speed of a body in a given direction. Force can also be said to mean a push or a pull. The unit of force is Newton (N). Force is given by the formula:

Force (F) = Mass (m) x Acceleration (a)

F = ma

Types of Force

There are two types of force namely:

Contact force
Non-contact

Contact and non-contact force

CONTACT FORCES: These are forces which sources are in contact with the body to which they are applied. The contact forces could be direct or indirect. Examples of contact forces are: push, pull, tension, friction, upthrust
NON- CONTACT FORCES: These are forces which the sources do not require contact with the body they are applied. These forces act through a region in space called field. They are therefore also called force fields. Examples include magnetic force, gravitational force and electric force

Magnetic and gravitational force

MAGNETIC FORCE: In a bar magnetic, there is North Pole end south pole end. The like poles repel each other while unlike poles attract each other.

Magnets can attract other magnets, iron fillings or any other metallic materials. This phenomenon show that a magnetic force acts over an area around the magnet. Thus a magnetic force is called a field force which acts over an area.

GRAVITATIONAL FORCE: The force which the earth attracts all objects to itself is called the force of gravity or gravitational force. This is the reason why objects above the earth fall down to the earth.
ELECTRIC FORCE: Electric force field exists between two electric charges. Unlike charges attract each other while like charges repel each other.

CLASSWORK 3

What is force? Give the SI unit
State two contact force

ASSIGNMENT 3

Force is defined as a _________ or influence that causes an object to undergo a change in motion or shape. a) Push b) Pull c) Both (a) and (b)
The SI unit of force is the _________. a) Newton b) Kilogram c) Joule
A force that occurs when objects come into direct physical contact with each other is called a _________ force. a) Contact b) Non-contact c) Magnetic
When you kick a ball, the force you apply to move the ball is an example of a _________ force. a) Contact b) Non-contact c) Gravitational
The force that pulls objects towards the center of the Earth is called _________ force. a) Gravitational b) Magnetic c) Frictional
The force that holds the planets in their orbits around the Sun is an example of _________ force. a) Gravitational b) Magnetic c) Electrostatic
When you push a book across a table, the force applied is a _________ force. a) Contact b) Non-contact c) Magnetic
The force between two magnets is an example of a _________ force. a) Contact b) Non-contact c) Gravitational
Friction is an example of a _________ force. a) Contact b) Non-contact c) Magnetic
A force that occurs without direct physical contact between objects is called a _________ force. a) Non-contact b) Contact c) Gravitational
When you lift a heavy object, the force applied is an example of a _________ force. a) Contact b) Non-contact c) Magnetic
The force that allows magnets to attract or repel each other is called _________ force. a) Magnetic b) Gravitational c) Frictional
When you pull a string attached to a toy, the force you apply is a _________ force. a) Contact b) Non-contact c) Gravitational
The force between two charged objects is an example of a _________ force. a) Non-contact b) Contact c) Magnetic
When you throw a ball into the air, the force that brings it back down to the ground is _________ force. a) Gravitational b) Magnetic c) Frictional
The force that enables objects to float in water is called _________ force. a) Buoyant b) Magnetic c) Electrostatic
When you use a magnet to attract a metal object, the force applied is a _________ force. a) Contact b) Non-contact c) Gravitational
The force that opposes the motion of objects moving through a fluid (such as air or water) is called _________ force. a) Frictional b) Magnetic c) Buoyant
The force of attraction or repulsion between electrically charged objects is an example of _________ force. a) Electrostatic b) Magnetic c) ratio
The force that allows a refrigerator magnet to stick to a metal surface is _________ force. a) Magnetic b) Gravitational c) Electrostatic
The force that allows a person to walk on the ground without sinking is _________ force. a) Normal b) Magnetic c) Frictional
The force that enables a car to move forward when the tires push against the road is _________ force. a) Contact b) Non-contact c) Frictional
The force that opposes the motion of an object sliding on a surface is _________ force. a) Frictional b) Magnetic c) Buoyant
The force that keeps objects on a table or a floor from sinking into it is _________ force. a) Normal b) Magnetic c) Electrostatic
When you push a door to open or close it, the force applied is a _________ force. a) Contact b) Non-contact c) Frictional
The force of attraction or repulsion between electrically charged objects is an example of _________ force. a) Electrostatic b) Magnetic c) Frictional
The force that holds the nucleus of an atom together is called _________ force. a) Strong nuclear b) Magnetic c) Gravitational
When you slide a book on a table, the force that opposes the motion is _________ force. a) Frictional b) Magnetic c) Electrostatic
The force that causes objects with mass to be attracted to each other is _________ force. a) Gravitational b) Magnetic c) Electrostatic
When a charged object attracts small pieces of paper, the force involved is _________ force. a) Electrostatic b) Magnetic c) Frictional

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SECTION A

The correct SI unit of force is (a) Joules (b) Watt (c) Newton (d) Metre
Which of the following statement is false (a) a force changes the shape of a body (b) forces may be balanced or unbalanced (c) a force cannot change the direction of a moving body (d) a force changes the speed of object
The gravitational force can be found (a) on the earth (b) in the moon (c) around the planets (d) in the galaxy
The magnetic force is also known as _________(a) pulse ( b) electrical (c) field force (d) gravitational force
Which of the following is a type of force (a) electrical (b) heat (c) rotating (d) reversible

SECTION B

Mention three non-contact force that you know
State two importance of force
State the difference between contact and non-contact force

WEEK FOUR

CALCULATION OF GRAVITATIONAL FORCE

Calculation of gravitational force
Balanced and unbalanced forces
Frictional force
Uses/Advantages
Disadvantages

Calculation of gravitational force

CALCULATION OF WORK DONE AGAINST GRAVITY

Suppose you lift an object of mass 1kg from the ground to a height of 1m, the work done in lifting the abject is calculated by using the formula; Mgh

Mgh = 1 x 1 x 9.8 joules (g = 9.8m/s²)

Joule is the unit of work done.

Balanced and unbalanced forces

When an object is stationary, the forces acting on it are balanced forces. The sum of such forces acting on the body is zero and they act in opposite direction.

When an object is in motion (moving), the forces acting on it are unbalanced. The sum of such forces is not zero. Such forces are either acting in it are direction or the same direction but are not equal in value. Unbalance forces cause a body to accelerate.

GENERAL EFFECT OF A FORCE

A force causes motion of an object
A force causes moving object to come to rest (stop)
A force changes the speed of a body in motion
A force causes changes in the direction of motion.

The S.I unit of force is the Newton, N. The force acting on an accelerating body of mass, m, is given by,

F = ma

Force acts in a specific direction. The direction of the action of a force is usually indicated by an arrow, or depending on the direction

Friction force

Frictional force is the force that act between the surfaces of solid objects and tends to oppose their motion over each other

Uses/Advantages

It helps in walking
It helps in carrying objects
It helps in grinding
It makes nails stay on the wall
Car brakes work by friction

Disadvantages

It causes wear and tear of machine parts of machine
It causes loss of energy
It produces unpleasant noise
It makes machine hot and inefficient

METHODS OF REDUCING FRICTION

By lubricating surfaces with oil or grease
Use of the ball bearing

CLASSWORK 4

Define frictional force?
Enumerate two advantages of friction
Highlight two disadvantages of friction

ASSIGNMENT 4

SECTION A

Which of the following forces requires contact for its action (a) gravitational force (b) frictional force (c) magnetic forces (d) electrical force
The sum of balanced forces is (a) zero (b) greater than zero (c) less than zero (d) about one
The S.I unit of force is (a) Kilogram (b) Watt (c) Newton (d) Power
All of the following are correct except one (a) forces causes motion (b) forces cause change in the direction of motion (c) forces stops motion (d) force is always parallel
One of the following force is non-contact force (a) electric force (b) push (c) tension (d) push

SECTION B

Calculate the force acting on a body of mass 0.6kg (g=9.8ms^-2; f=mg)
What is the name of the instrument used to measure the weight of a body?

WEEK FIVE

SPACE TRAVEL

Meaning of space travel
Purpose of space travel
Benefits of space travel
Dangers of space travel

Meaning of space travel

Space travel is the act of going to the moon or planets or orbiting the earth in a special craft called spaceship. It is also the travelling to the outer space beyond the earth.

The space travelers are called ASTRONAUTS. On 21^st of July, 1969, Neil Armstrong, an American became the first human being to step into the moon. He was followed on the same day by another American named Edwin Aldrin. They stayed on the moon for 21 hours 36 minutes before they lifted up. The second moon landing took place in December 1972 when two Americans, Eugene Ceman and Harrison Schmitt stayed a total of 74hours 59 minutes on the moon surface. These astronauts wore special protective uniforms with oxygen masks for breathing.

Most experiments in space are currently carried out in space station or space lab. These space stations are very large space rockets which can accommodate many people and are equipped to perform scientific experiments. Astronauts who work on these space stations usually stay for period of six months to one year after which they are replaced by other astronauts.

Spaceship is moved by rockets. After leaving the earth’s atmosphere, gravity no longer pulls the spaceship to the earth. The astronauts wear special dress called suits and it help them to maintain the earths atmospheric pressure around there body throughout in space

DEFINITION OF SPACE AND THE REGION’S OUTSIDE THE EARTH’S SURFACE

Space refers to the region of our environment outside the earth’s crust. There are three important regions outside the earth’s surface. These are:

The troposphere: It starts from the surface of the earth and extends to a height of about 16,000 meters. Most of the air and water vapour in our environment are found in this region. As one goes up in the troposphere, the temperature falls and it therefore becomes cooler.
The stratosphere: It is the region directly above the troposphere. The region contains very little air. The temperature of this region does not falls as one goes up in this region
The ionosphere: It is the upper part of the atmosphere. It contains mainly charged particles. The ionosphere is very useful to man because it enables the reflection and transmission of radio wave and signals round the world.

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE OUTER SPACE

Light from the sun passes through the outer space.
There is no force of gravity in the outer space
The outer space is void or empty
Sound does not pass through the outer space, therefore the outer space is always quite
Outer space is very large and beyond our imagination.

Purpose of space travel

It helps to watch everything that is happening in the world on the television e.g. football game, basketball game etc. at the same time the events are being carried out
Space exploration is the use of astronomy and space technology to explore outer space
Space travel is because of man’s curiosity it is a desire to find out the nature of life in other planets.
The need for more knowledge of the climate and vegetation of the earth is another reason for space travel.
The landing of equipment called satellite in space has also led to the improvement in communication

Benefits of space travel

The main benefit is the collection of scientific information about the earth and the other planets
Production of special computers
Production of photographic equipment such as x-ray and gamma-ray
Production of telecommunication equipment
Production of remote sensing equipment to guide spacecraft e.g. rocket
Production of rocket or aircraft fuels

Dangers of space travel

Space travel is risky. If anything goes wrong, one or more lives will be lost.

The dangers of space travel can be caused by the following problems

Explosion of rockets at the launch pad
Failure of some necessary equipment in the spaceship to function well.
Inability of the rocket to reach escape velocity
Wrong calculation of angle, speed and time of launching
Explosion of rockets in flight

PROBLEMS OF SPACE TRAVEL

High speed: Astronauts have to be trained in order to adopt to the high speed of space travel, so that they can think and work normally while traveling in space.
Complicated calculation: There are lot of calculations involved before a spaceship can be launched correctly at an angle, speed and time to arrive at its destination. This is because the earth, the moon and all the planets are always in rapid motion.
Loss of weight: The force of gravity is not felt in space, therefore it is very difficult for astronauts to stand or walk as they do on earth.
Lack of basic need of life: The basic needs of life such as water, oxygen, food etc. are not available in the space, therefore oxygen and water must be made available in the spaceship to last for the period of the trip in space.
Escape velocity: Rockets require escape velocity to escape from the attraction of the earth or the force of gravity
Force of gravity: The force of gravity makes it difficult for any spacecraft to escape the earth’s surface easily. It has to be at a very high speed before the spacecraft can be allowed to leave the earth’s surface.

CLASSWORK 5

What is a space?
Mention the three region of space
State 5 dangers of space travel

ASSIGNMENT 5

1. Space travel refers to the journey or exploration conducted by humans or _________ in outer space.
a) Robots
b) Animals
c) Astronauts

2. The primary purpose of space travel is to explore and _________ the mysteries of the universe beyond Earth.
a) Discover
b) Conquer
c) Preserve

3. One of the purposes of space travel is to study celestial bodies such as planets, stars, and _________.
a) Moons
b) Comets
c) Asteroids

4. Space travel enables scientists to conduct experiments in a _________ environment that cannot be replicated on Earth.
a) Microgravity
b) Magnetic
c) High-pressure

5. The study of space helps us gain a better understanding of Earth and address global challenges such as _________.
a) Climate change
b) Poverty
c) Education

6. The development of advanced technologies during space travel has numerous _________ applications on Earth.
a) Practical
b) Theoretical
c) Social

7. Space travel has led to the advancement of satellite technology, which enables _________ communication and navigation.
a) Global
b) Local
c) Personal

8. The International Space Station (ISS) serves as a platform for conducting scientific research and fostering _________ cooperation.
a) International
b) National
c) Intercontinental

9. Space travel has the potential to pave the way for future _________ of humans on other planets.
a) Colonization
b) Extinction
c) Isolation

10. Studying the effects of space travel on the human body helps scientists develop treatments for _________ on Earth.
a) Diseases
b) Wars
c) Natural disasters

11. The dangers of space travel include exposure to _________ radiation, which can be harmful to astronauts.
a) Cosmic
b) Magnetic
c) Thermal

12. Microgravity during space travel can cause _________ loss, muscle atrophy, and changes in bone density.
a) Bone
b) Brain
c) Heart

13. The long duration of space travel can have adverse effects on astronauts’ _________ and mental well-being.
a) Physical
b) Emotional
c) Intellectual

14. Spacecraft are exposed to extreme temperatures and _________ conditions, which pose risks to their structural integrity.
a) Vacuum
b) Humid
c) Radioactive

15. Space debris, including defunct satellites and fragments, poses a significant _________ risk to spacecraft and astronauts.
a) Collision
b) Biological
c) Chemical

16. The high cost of space travel and exploration is one of the _________ challenges associated with space missions.
a) Financial
b) Technological
c) Political

17. Space travel requires meticulous planning and _________ to ensure the safety and success of missions.
a) Engineering
b) Marketing
c) Legal

18. Astronauts face isolation and _________ from their families and loved ones during long-duration space missions.
a) Distance
b) Criticism
c) Abandonment

19. The possibility of spacecraft malfunctions and accidents during launch, re-entry, or in space poses _________ risks.
a) Safety
b) Financial
c) Ethical

SECTION A

The first man to travel to the moon is ____ (a) Neil Armstrong (b) Sir Isaac Newton (c) Maxwell Planks (d) Sir Bobby Charlton
Which of the following is not associated with space travel (a) Basic need of life (b) force of gravity (c) electricity (d) escape velocity
The regions outside the earth are the following except (a) troposphere (b) stratosphere (c) talkosphere (d) ionosphere
The escape velocity is used by rocket to _______(a) overcome the force of gravity (b) escape from danger (c) hide from enemies (d) speed faster and disappear
Which of these is not characteristic of outer space? (a) no force of gravity (b) quiet (c) empty (d) very small

SECTION B

What is space travel?
Mention three purpose of space travel
Define troposhere

MID TERM PROJECT

Using a WHITE CARDBOARD ONLY, draw and label the solar system

WEEK SIX

GRAVITATION AND WEIGHTLESSNESS

Meaning
Effect

Meaning

GRAVITATION

Gravitation is a force that has effect on the stability of a body.

If an object is tossed up the air, it will full back to the ground because the earth exerts an attraction on it. This attraction is called gravitational attraction.

The gravitational attraction / force between any two object increases as the two objects approach each other.

The earth has a great gravitational full because it has a great mass. The gravitation pull of the earth is always directed to the center.

WEIGHTLESSNESS

Weightlessness is a feeling of being weightless. It does not mean having no weight. As someone move away from the surface of the progressively reduces. In the outer surface of the earth, a person or body has no weight because the gravitational pull of the earth is no longer acting there.

Effect of gravitation on objects

Stability of the earth: Gravitation helps every object in the earth include man to remain stable
Weight: The weight of an individual is a measure of the gravitational pull of the earth on that person
Revolution of the moon round the earth: The moon is able to revolve round the earth because the gravitational pull of the earth attracts it
Balance of planets in our solar system: The sun and all the planets in our solar system exercise gravitational pulls on one another and mutually balance on another in space
Work is done against gravity in lifting an object form the earth: Lifting an object from the ground involves opposing gravitational pull, therefore work is done against gravitational attraction of the earth

CLASSWORK 6

Define gravitational pull
What is weightlessness?

ASSIGNMENT

1. Gravitation is a force that has an effect on the _________ of a body.
a) Stability
b) Motion
c) Shape

2. When an object is tossed up in the air, it falls back to the ground due to _________ attraction.
a) Gravitational
b) Magnetic
c) Electric

3. The gravitational force between two objects increases as they _________ each other.
a) Approach
b) Move away from
c) Rotate around

4. The earth has a great gravitational pull because it has a great _________.
a) Mass
b) Velocity
c) Density

5. Weightlessness is a feeling of being weightless, which does not mean having _________ weight.
a) No
b) Infinite
c) Increased

6. As someone moves away from the surface of the earth, the weight progressively _________.
a) Reduces
b) Increases
c) Stays the same

7. Weightlessness occurs in the outer surface of the earth because the gravitational pull _________ acting there.
a) Is no longer
b) Increases
c) Becomes stronger

8. Gravitation helps every object on earth, including man, to remain _________.
a) Stable
b) Weightless
c) Accelerated

9. The weight of an individual is a measure of the gravitational pull of the earth on that _________.
a) Person
b) Object
c) Atmosphere

10. The moon is able to revolve around the earth due to the _________ pull of the earth.
a) Gravitational
b) Magnetic
c) Solar

11. The sun and all the planets in our solar system exercise gravitational pulls on one another, creating a _________ in space.
a) Balance
b) Chaos
c) Separation

12. Lifting an object from the ground involves opposing the gravitational pull, which means _________ is done against it.
a) Work
b) Rest
c) Energy

13. The _________ of the earth is maintained due to the force of gravitation.
a) Stability
b) Tilt
c) Rotation

14. Gravitation is responsible for keeping objects, such as buildings and trees, _________ on the surface of the earth.
a) Stable
b) Floating
c) Dispersed

15. The gravitational force between two objects depends on their _________ and the distance between them.
a) Masses
b) Colors
c) Shapes

16. Weightlessness is experienced by astronauts in _________ due to the absence of a significant gravitational pull.
a) Space
b) Water
c) Mountains

17. The _________ of an object on the moon is less than its weight on the earth due to the difference in gravitational pull.
a) Weight
b) Mass
c) Volume

18. Gravitational force is responsible for holding the _________ together and preventing them from flying apart.
a) Planets
b) Oceans
c) Clouds

19. The concept of _________ is based on the gravitational pull between two objects.
a) Tides
b) Seasons
c) Eclipses

20. The force of gravity becomes weaker as the _________ between two objects increases.
a) Distance

SECTION A

The earth’s gravitational pull on an object is represented by that object’s (a) weight (b) size (c) volume (d) materials
The ability of an object to remain stable on earth is due to ______(a) gravitational pull (b) weightlessness (c) moon and earth sizes (d) its height
Gravitational force is a force of (a) separation (b) attraction (c) friction (d) opposition
The earth has a large gravitational pull on object because the earth (a) has plants and animals (b) is a planet (c) is large in size (d) revolves
When a metal ball of 20kg and a wooden ball of 10kg are dropped from the some height (a) the metal ball reach the ground before wooden ball (b) both balls will reach the ground at the same time (c) the wooden ball falls faster than metal ball (d) the metal ball null full sideways

SECTION B

Explain weightlessness
State four effects of gravity on an object.

WEEKS SEVEN AND EIGHT

EARTH AND SPACE

Solar system
Rotation and revolution
Eclipse
Season

Solar system

The sun and all the bodies orbiting round it makes up the solar system. The planets and their moons are the main bodies that revolve round the sun.

Other bodies in the solar system are asteroids, comets, and meteoroids.

THE PLANETS

Nearest to the sun is mercury, the smallest of the planets. Then come Venus, Earth, Mass, Jupiter [the biggest planet], Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, and Pluto. The distance across the solar system is about 12000million kilometers.

PLANET

Mercury
Venus
Earth
Mass
Jupiter
Saturn
Uranus
Neptune
Pluto

[mediator_tech]

Evaluation

1. The sun and all the bodies orbiting around it make up the _________.
a) Solar system
b) Galaxy
c) Universe

2. The planets and their moons are the main bodies that revolve around the _________.
a) Sun
b) Moon
c) Earth

3. Other bodies in the solar system include asteroids, comets, and _________.
a) Meteoroids
b) Stars
c) Black holes

4. The smallest planet in the solar system is _________.
a) Mercury
b) Venus
c) Earth

5. _________ is the largest planet in the solar system.
a) Jupiter
b) Saturn
c) Uranus

6. The planet nearest to the sun is _________.
a) Mercury
b) Venus
c) Earth

7. The distance across the solar system is approximately _________ kilometers.
a) 12,000 million
b) 1 million
c) 120 billion

8. The planet with the rings around it is _________.
a) Saturn
b) Jupiter
c) Uranus

9. The farthest planet from the sun is _________.
a) Neptune
b) Uranus
c) Pluto

10. The Earth is the _________ planet from the sun.
a) Third
b) Fourth
c) Fifth

11. The phenomenon in which the moon passes between the sun and the Earth, casting a shadow on the Earth’s surface, is called a _________.
a) Solar eclipse
b) Lunar eclipse
c) Solar system

12. A _________ occurs when the Earth passes between the sun and the moon, casting a shadow on the moon’s surface.
a) Lunar eclipse
b) Solar eclipse
c) Season

13. The Earth rotates on its _________, causing day and night.
a) Axis
b) Orbit
c) Equator

14. The movement of the Earth around the sun is called _________.
a) Revolution
b) Rotation
c) Equinox

15. The change in seasons is caused by the _________ of the Earth around the sun and the tilt of its axis.
a) Revolution
b) Rotation
c) Eclipse

16. The season characterized by longer days and shorter nights is _________.
a) Summer
b) Winter
c) Spring

17. The season characterized by shorter days and longer nights is _________.
a) Winter
b) Summer
c) Autumn

18. The tilt of the Earth’s axis is _________ degrees.
a) 23.5
b) 45
c) 90

19. During a _________, the sun is directly overhead at the equator, resulting in equal day and night lengths.
a) Equinox
b) Solstice
c) Eclipse

20. The planet formerly considered the ninth planet but reclassified as a dwarf planet is _________.
a) Pluto
b) Neptune
c) Uranus

MOTION UNDER GRAVITY IN TWO DIMENSION,DERIVATION

Rotation and revolution

Rotation: This is the movement of a planet about its axis. Rotation of the earth brings about night and day.

Revolution: This is movement of a planet round the sun in the solar system. The Earth revolves round the sun giving rise to seasons. The earth takes approximately 365 days to revolve round the sun.

THE EARTH

The earth is the third planet from the sun and it is the only known planet in the universe that harbors living things. The earth contains water which in addition to the oxygen assists in supporting life on earth.

The earth does not produce light hence it is said to be non-luminous.

While those heavenly bodies that give out light, such as the stars and the sun are said to be luminous.

The earth has only one satellite called the moon. The moon revolves round the earth. The earth rotates about its axis giving rise to day and night.

THE SUN

The sun is the single biggest star in the universe that supplies all planets light and heat. The sun does not rotate. Earth revolves round the sun giving rise to seasons. The earth takes approximately 365 days to revolve round the sun. There is no water or atmosphere in the sun.

THE MOON

The moon is the only earth satellite that revolves round its axis. The moon gives a reflection of light from the sun and supplies the earth with moon light. The moon is non- luminous and has no life on it.

Eclipse

Eclipse is the full or partial blocking of light from one celestial body by another celestial body

Types of eclipse

- - 1. Eclipse of the sun: This occurs when the moon moves between the sun and the earth and all are exactly in a straight line.
    2. Eclipse of the moon: It occurs when the earth is between the sun and the moon and the three are exactly on a straight line.

NOTE: There is nothing like eclipse of the earth.

Climate and Seasons

Climate can be defined as the average weather condition of a particular area for a given period of time.

Seasons: The revolving of the earth about the sun gives rise to seasons.

Different parts of the surface of the earth have the sun shining on them at different times of the year.

There is a time when there are shorter days and longer nights during some months in a year, and also shorter nights and longer days during some other months.

There are also some months during which the days and nights are equal in duration. This happens because the earth moves in an orbit around the sun. The earth tilts in opposite direction twice a year, hence, giving rise to two seasons –Rainy and Dry seasons

CLASSWORK 7&8

What is solar system?
How many planets do we have? Mention them
What is climate?

ASSIGNMENT 7&8

SECTION A

The sun and all the bodies orbiting round it makes up the (a) solar system (b) galaxy (c) meteoroids (d) comets
How many planets do we have (a) 1 (b) 5 (c) 9 (d) 12
The third planet after the earth from the sun is (a) mass (b) mercury (c) Jupiter (d) Saturn
The average weather condition of a particular area for a given period of time is (a) weather (b) season (c) climate (d) session
Other bodies in the solar system include the following except(a) asteroid (b) comets (c) water (d) meteoroids
The revolving of the earth about the sun gives rise to(a) day (b) night (c) seasons (d) sun
Which of the following pairs are not both planets (a) Mercury and Saturn (b) Earth and Moon (c) Venus and Mars (d) Jupiter and Pluto
Rotation of earth about its axis causes(a) climate (b) season (c) day and night (d) evening
………. is the full or partial blocking of light from one celestial body by another celestial body (a) rotation (b) revolution (c) eclipse (d) climate
Which of the following is odd? (a) Mercury, Venus and Earth (b) Saturn, Uranus and Pluto (c) Earth, Mars and Jupiter (d) Jupiter, Saturn and Uranus

SECTION B

- - 1. Define the following terms (a) eclipse (b) revolution of the earth (c) rotation of the earth
    2. Differentiate between climate and season?

WEEK NINE

SATELLITE

Meaning
Uses

Meaning

Satellite is a body that orbits or moves round a planet e.g. the moon is a satellite of the earth.

Thus, the satellites or moons of the planet in our solar system are shown below

PLANET NO OF SATELLITE

Mercury None

Venus None

Earth 1

Mass 2

Jupiter 12

Saturn 9

Uranus 5

Neptune 2

Pluto None

NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL SATELLITES

The moons that orbit the planets in solar system are natural satellite while artificial satellite are moon made bodies, which were launched by various countries, and now orbiting the earth e.g.

COUNTRY YEAR OF FIRST LAUNCH FIRST SATELLITE

USSR 1957 Sputnik 1

USA 1958 Explorer 1

Australia 1964 Blue streak

France 1965 Asterix

Japan 1970 Osumi

China 1970 Dong fang hang 1

United Kingdom 1971 Prospero X-3

India 1979 Rohini 1

Israel 1988 Ofeg 1

Nigeria 2003 SAT 1

Types and Uses of satellite

- - 1. Astronomical satellites: They are used for observation of distance plants, galaxies and other outer space objects
    2. Bio satellites: These are used to carry living organism especially for scientific experimentation
    3. Observation satellites: They are used for geographical studies, photographing of areas, map marking
    4. Weather satellites: These are used to monitor the weather conditions in the atmosphere and supply the information to ground stations
    5. Communication satellites: They are designed purposely to send information quickly from one place to another
    6. Reconnaissance satellites: They are used for military or intelligence purposes, such as observing enemy location or troop movements
    7. Space station satellites: They are designed for human being to live on in outer space. They are only designed for periods of weeks, months or years
    8. Navigational satellites: These used radio time signals, it enable mobile receivers on the ground to determine their exact location

CLASSWORK 9

What is a satellite?

Give the number of satellite for the following planets (i) Neptune (ii) Jupiter (iii) Uranus

ASSIGNMENT 9

SECTION A

The heavenly body that moves round the planet is called (a) earth (b) sun (c) satellite (d) stars
Identify the planet with the least number of satellite in the following (a) earth (b) Saturn (c) Venus (d) Jupiter
The following are examples of planet except ______ (a) moon (b) earth (c) mass (d) Jupiter
Which of these satellites is for monitoring the dry and wet season of a particular area? (a) astronomical satellite (b) weather satellite (c) bio satellites (d) communication satellite
Which of the following is not a use of satellite? (a) communication (b) photograph (c) weather monitoring (d) driving

SECTION B

Highlight three uses of satellites
Briefly explain the effect of artificial satellites in improving the world

WEEK TEN

Meaning of teenage pregnancy
Causes of teenage pregnancy
Consequences and implications of teenage pregnancy
Physical, social and emotional implication
Effects of drugs, self-medication and drug abuse during pregnancy
Causes and consequences of birth defects

Meaning of teenage pregnancy

Teenage pregnancy is defined as a pregnancy in a young woman who has not reached her 20^th birthday when the pregnancy ends, regardless of whether the woman is married or is legally an adult. Worldwide, rates of teenage pregnancy range from 143 per 1000 in some sub-Saharan African countries to 2.9 per 1000 in South Korea.

Pregnant teenagers face many of the obstetrics issues as women in their 20s and 30s. However, there are additional medical concerns for mothers age 14 or younger, especially if they live in a developing country. For mothers between 15 and 19, risks are associated more with socio-economic factors than with the biological effects of age.

Causes of teenage pregnancy

There are many factors that cause teenage pregnancy. These include:

Social belief: In some societies, early marriage and traditional gender roles are important factors in the rate of teenage pregnancy. For example, in some Sub- Saharan African countries, early marriage is often seen as a blessing because it is a proof of the young woman’s fertility. In the Indian sub-continent, early marriage and pregnancy is more common in traditional rural communities compared to the rate in cities.
Lack of sexuality education: The lack of education on safe sex, whether it is from parents, school or otherwise is a cause of teenage pregnancy. Many teenagers are not taught about methods of birth control and how to deal with peers who pressure them into having sex before they are ready.
Lack of use of contraceptive methods: The use of a method with a high failure rate is a factor in teenage pregnancy
Use of drugs and alcohol: Inability to reduce drugs and alcohol may possibly encourage unintended sexual activity. Teenagers who engage in drug use are more likely to engage in sex. The drugs with the strongest evidence linking to teenage pregnancy are cannabis, alcohol and amphetamines including “ecstasy”
Poverty: Poverty is associated with increased rates of teenage pregnancy. Economically, poor countries have far more teenage mothers compared with economically rich countries.

Consequences and implications of teenage pregnancy

Adolescent pregnancy refers to pregnancy in a girl between the ages of 10 to 19. Adolescent pregnancy is usually unwanted and unintended. It can be dangerous for both the mother and the unborn child.

The consequences of adolescent pregnancy and delivery include the following:

It can lead to induced hypertension which can cause heart failure and death of both the mother and the child
It can also lead to premature labour and spontaneous abortion
Health risks include infection, incomplete abortion, injuries to genital organs etc.
Termination of education
Life plans and career goals are disrupted
Feeling of loss of childhood and adapting to adulthood
Poverty
Forced marriage

IMPLICATIONS OF TEENAGE PREGNANCY

Teenage pregnancy is usually unintended and unwanted. It can be dangerous both to the mother and the unborn child. The implication of teenage pregnancy can be categorized into four. These are:

Health implication
Unsafe abortion
Social economic implication
Emotional implication

1. Health implication: Teenage pregnancy could result in a lot of health risks. Some of these include:

i. Pregnancy induced hypertension, which can cause heart failure and death of both the mother and child

ii. Premature labour or spontaneous abortion

iii. Iron deficiency anemia which reduces the chances of surviving and excessive bleeding

iv. Incomplete abortions

v. Infections and injuries to genital organs

2. Unsafe abortion: Adolescents are the most likely to seek abortions from untrained and unqualified health care providers. They may also attempt induced abortion. Unsafe abortion can also lead to a number of health risks and loss of life

3. Socio-economic implications: These include the following:

i. Termination of education

ii. Disruption of life plan and career goals

iii. Early and forced marriage due to pregnancy

iv. Stigmatization and isolation from peers

v. low self esteem

vi. Few job opportunities, low income and poverty

4. Emotional or psychological implication: Some of these are:

i. loneliness and depression

ii. Feeling of guilt and fear

iii. Feelings of insecurity

iv. Emotional or psychological imbalance as a result of loss of childhood and adapting to adulthood

Causes and consequences of birth defects

A birth defect is a problem that occurs when a baby is developing in the uterus (womb). Birth defects can be minor or severe.

The causes of birth defect include the following:

Genetics: These are abnormalities transferred by parents to their children. Genetic birth defects happen at conception and often cannot be prevented
Non genetic: These are caused by harmful habits or dangerous exposures of the pregnant mothers. Some of these habits or dangerous exposures are:
Smoking
Using illegal drugs
Taking alcohol
Exposure to toxic chemicals
Untreated bacterial or viral infections

The most common types of functional or developmental birth defects include:

Down syndrome – causes delay in physical and mental development
Sickle cell disease
Cystic fibrosis – this damage the lungs and the digestive system

CLASSWORK 10

Explain “teenage pregnancy” in your understanding
Enumerate four major causes of teenage pregnancy

ASSIGNMENT 10

[mediator_tech]

1. Adolescent pregnancy refers to pregnancy in a girl between the ages of _________.
a) 10 to 19
b) 15 to 25
c) 20 to 30

2. Adolescent pregnancy is usually _________ and unintended.
a) Wanted
b) Planned
c) Unwanted

3. Adolescent pregnancy can be dangerous for both the _________ and the unborn child.
a) Mother
b) Father
c) Family

4. Induced hypertension during adolescent pregnancy can lead to _________.
a) Heart failure and death
b) Normal delivery
c) Weight gain

5. Premature labor and spontaneous abortion are consequences of adolescent pregnancy and _________.
a) Delivery
b) Adoption
c) Parenting

6. Health risks associated with adolescent pregnancy include _________.
a) Infection and incomplete abortion
b) Healthy growth of the child
c) Increased immunity

7. Adolescent pregnancy may result in injuries to _________ organs.
a) Genital
b) Digestive
c) Respiratory

8. Teenage pregnancy can lead to the _________ of education.
a) Termination
b) Continuation
c) Enhancement

9. Life plans and career goals may be _________ due to teenage pregnancy.
a) Disrupted
b) Achieved
c) Strengthened

10. Teenage pregnancy can cause feelings of loss of _________ and adapting to adulthood.
a) Childhood
b) Independence
c) Responsibility

11. Teenage pregnancy can contribute to _________.
a) Poverty
b) Prosperity
c) Stability

12. Forced marriage is one of the _________ of teenage pregnancy.
a) Consequences
b) Benefits
c) Solutions

13. Adolescent pregnancy can lead to _________ and death of both the mother and the child.
a) Heart failure
b) Healthy delivery
c) Financial stability

14. The health risks associated with adolescent pregnancy can result in long-term _________ issues.
a) Health
b) Emotional
c) Financial

15. Adolescent mothers may face challenges in _________ their education after pregnancy.
a) Continuing
b) Terminating
c) Postponing

16. The disruption of life plans and career goals can impact the _________ of adolescent mothers.
a) Future prospects
b) Social status
c) Physical health

17. Teenage pregnancy can lead to a _________ cycle of poverty.
a) Vicious
b) Prosperous
c) Stable

18. Forced marriage can further limit the _________ of teenage mothers.
a) Autonomy
b) Education
c) Financial stability

19. Adolescent pregnancy may result in _________ responsibilities at a young age.
a) Parenting
b) Professional
c) Recreational

20. Teenage pregnancy requires comprehensive support to mitigate its _________ effects.
a) Negative
b) Positive
c) Neutral

[mediator_tech]

SECTION A

The following factors EXCEPT ONE can lead to teenage pregnancy (a) social belief (b) ignorance of sexuality (c) social problem (d) rapid progress
Which of the following is the consequence of adolescent pregnancy? (a) Sexual pleasure (b) termination of education (c) happy marriage (d) proper education
The following will not cause of birth defect except (a) smoking (b) illegal drugs (c) balanced diet (d) bacterial infection
Teenage pregnancy should be discouraged in the twenty first century (a) true (b) false (c) disagree (d) maybe
Pregnancy by human female under the age of twenty is called ____(a) child pregnancy (b) female pregnancy (c) under age pregnancy (d) teenage pregnancy

SECTION B