Understanding Adverbs of Cause and Reason in Sentences English Grammar JSS 3 First Term Lesson Notes Week 9

LESSON PLAN

Subject: English Grammar
Class: JSS 3
Term: First Term
Week: 9
Age: 13-14 years
Topic: Adverbs of Cause and Reason
Sub-topic: Definition, Examples, and Uses of Adverbs of Cause and Reason
Duration: 40 minutes

Behavioural Objectives:

By the end of the lesson, students should be able to:

1. Define adverbs of cause and reason.
2. Identify adverbs of cause and reason in sentences.
3. Use adverbs of cause and reason in their own sentences.
4. Distinguish between cause and reason adverbs in different contexts.

Key Words:

• Cause
• Reason
• Adverb
• Therefore
• Hence
• Thus

Set Induction:

The teacher will ask the students:

• “Have you ever had to explain why you did something? How did you explain it?”
  This will lead to discussing how we express reasons and causes in sentences.

Entry Behaviour:

Students are already familiar with adverbs of time, place, and manner.

Learning Resources and Materials:

• Whiteboard and markers
• Flashcards with sentences using adverbs of cause and reason
• Charts showing examples of adverbs of cause and reason

Building Background/Connection to Prior Knowledge:

Students have previously learned about adverbs and their types (time, place, manner). This lesson will build on their knowledge by introducing another type: adverbs of cause and reason.

Embedded Core Skills:

• Critical thinking
• Communication
• Language skills

Reference Books:

• Lagos State Scheme of Work for English
• “English Grammar Made Easy for Secondary Schools” by XYZ Author

Instructional Materials:

• Flashcards with adverbs of cause and reason
• Chart listing different examples

Content:

Adverbs of Cause and Reason
These adverbs explain the reason or purpose of an action. They answer the question “Why?”
They can be used interchangeably.

Examples of Adverbs of Cause and Reason:

1. Krishna was hence neglected by the teachers.
   (Adverb: hence)
2. She thus opened the door applying little visible force.
   (Adverb: thus)
3. He, therefore, does not want to talk to me.
   (Adverb: therefore)
4. The teacher is ill and therefore is unable to come to school.
   (Adverb: therefore)
5. They have won the match and thus celebrated late into the night.
   (Adverb: thus)

Evaluation:

Fill in the blanks with the correct adverb of cause and reason:

1. The road was wet; _______ they cancelled the game.
   a) therefore b) hence c) thus d) because
2. He was hungry and _______ decided to cook.
   a) thus b) but c) for d) still
3. The teacher was absent, _______ we had no class.
   a) because b) therefore c) so d) yet
4. They argued for hours, _______ nothing changed.
   a) hence b) so c) but d) though
5. He worked hard and _______ got a promotion.
   a) therefore b) and c) but d) while

Class Activity Discussion (FAQs):

1. What is an adverb of reason?
   An adverb of reason explains why something happens.
2. Can adverbs of cause and reason be used together?
   Yes, they can often be used interchangeably.
3. Give an example of an adverb of cause.
   Example: “He was late, hence he missed the bus.”
4. Why is “therefore” an adverb of reason?
   It explains the reason or result of an action.
5. Is “thus” formal or informal?
   “Thus” is more formal.
6. Can adverbs of reason start a sentence?
   Yes, e.g., “Therefore, we need to act quickly.”
7. Are adverbs of reason the same as conjunctions?
   No, but they both connect ideas.
8. What questions do adverbs of cause answer?
   They answer “Why?”
9. Can adverbs of reason be used with other adverbs?
   Yes, they can modify other adverbs.
10. Is “because” an adverb of cause?
    No, “because” is a conjunction, not an adverb.
11. Which is more formal: “so” or “therefore”?
    “Therefore” is more formal.
12. What is a synonym for “hence”?
    “Therefore” or “thus”
13. Can you use “thus” in casual speech?
    It is less common in casual speech.
14. Is “since” an adverb of reason?
    No, “since” is typically used as a conjunction.
15. Why do we use adverbs of cause?
    To explain why something happens.

Presentation:

Step 1: The teacher revises the previous topic on adverbs of time and manner.
Step 2: The teacher introduces the new topic on adverbs of cause and reason, explaining that they tell us the reason behind an action. The teacher provides examples on the board.
Step 3: The teacher asks students to contribute examples of sentences using adverbs of cause and reason. The teacher corrects any mistakes and explains where necessary.

Teacher’s Activities:

• Explain the meaning of adverbs of cause and reason.
• Provide examples on the board.
• Lead class discussions.
• Correct students’ examples and encourage participation.

Learners’ Activities:

• Listen to the teacher’s explanation.
• Provide their own sentences with adverbs of cause and reason.
• Participate in the class activity.

Assessment:

Students will be assessed on their ability to define and use adverbs of cause and reason in sentences.

Evaluation Questions:

1. What is an adverb of cause?
2. Give two examples of adverbs of reason.
3. Why do we use adverbs of cause?
4. Use “hence” in a sentence.
5. Identify the adverb of reason in this sentence: “She was late, so she missed the meeting.”
6. Which is more formal: “thus” or “so”?
7. Can “therefore” start a sentence?
8. What is the role of an adverb of reason in a sentence?
9. Is “because” an adverb of cause?
10. What question does an adverb of reason answer?

Conclusion:

The teacher goes round to mark students’ work and provides necessary corrections on adverbs of cause and reason.