National Teachers’ Institute, Kaduna Post Graduate Diploma in Education First Semester Examination PDE 701 History of Education

1. “The basic principles of Pestalozzi’s educational thoughts have immensely shaped the practice of education in Nigeria”. Do you agree? Justify your answer with five (5) reasons.

2. Examine the significance of 1877 and 1886 ordinances to the development of education in Nigeria.

3. (a) Critically examine any five (5) threats impeding the development of education in Nigeria.

(b) Suggest five (5) ways of overcoming the threats

4. Carefully assess the areas in which the 1969 Curriculum Conference impacted on

the development of education in Nigeria. 5. List and explain the recommendations of Eric Ashby Commission for the development of tertiary education in Nigeria.

5. The memorandum of 1923 native education committee is far-reaching and relevant today as ever. Enumerate the content of the memorandum and explain how it has impacted on the nation’s educational development.

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1. “The basic principles of Pestalozzi’s educational thoughts have immensely shaped the practice of education in Nigeria.” Agree or disagree, justify your answer with five (5) reasons.

Agree. Pestalozzi’s educational thoughts have indeed had a significant impact on the practice of education in Nigeria for the following reasons:

(a) Child-Centered Education: Pestalozzi emphasized the importance of focusing on the individual needs and abilities of each child. This principle has influenced the adoption of learner-centered approaches in Nigerian classrooms, promoting personalized learning and inclusive education.

(b) Practical and Sensory Learning: Pestalozzi advocated for hands-on learning experiences and sensory-based teaching methods. This approach has been integrated into Nigerian education to enhance students’ understanding and retention of knowledge through practical activities and experiments.

(c) Moral and Character Education: Pestalozzi emphasized the development of moral character in students, focusing on virtues like honesty, integrity, and respect. These values have been incorporated into Nigeria’s educational goals to produce morally upright and responsible citizens.

(d) Teacher Training and Professional Development: Pestalozzi emphasized the importance of well-trained teachers who understand child psychology and teaching methods. This principle has influenced teacher training programs in Nigeria, aiming to produce competent and skilled educators.

(e) Holistic Education: Pestalozzi believed in educating the whole child, encompassing intellectual, physical, emotional, and moral aspects. This holistic approach has guided curriculum development in Nigeria, encouraging the integration of various subjects and co-curricular activities to cater to students’ diverse needs and talents.

2. Examine the significance of the 1877 and 1886 ordinances to the development of education in Nigeria.

The 1877 and 1886 ordinances were significant milestones in the development of education in Nigeria. Here’s their significance:

(a) 1877 Ordinance: This ordinance established the framework for the introduction of formal education in Lagos, primarily to cater to the children of the elite and missionary converts. It laid the foundation for the establishment of formal schools and the spread of Western education in Nigeria.

(b) 1886 Ordinance: This ordinance extended the provisions of the 1877 ordinance to the rest of the Lagos Colony and Protectorate. It facilitated the expansion of formal education beyond Lagos, reaching other parts of Nigeria and contributing to increased literacy and educational access.

Both ordinances played a crucial role in the spread of Western education in Nigeria, which eventually led to the emergence of a literate population and the establishment of educational institutions that laid the groundwork for the development of Nigeria’s modern education system.

3. (a) Critically examine any five (5) threats impeding the development of education in Nigeria.

1. Inadequate Funding: Insufficient budgetary allocation to the education sector hinders the provision of quality infrastructure, teaching materials, and teacher training, affecting the overall quality of education.

2. Inadequate Infrastructure: Many schools in Nigeria lack basic facilities like classrooms, libraries, and laboratories, hindering effective teaching and learning.

3. Teacher Shortage and Quality: There is a shortage of qualified and skilled teachers in many areas, leading to large class sizes and reduced teacher-student interactions.

4. Inequality in Access: Disparities in educational opportunities between urban and rural areas, as well as gender-based inequalities, limit access to education for many children in Nigeria.

5. Security Challenges: In regions affected by insurgency and violence, schools are often targeted, leading to disruptions in education and fear among students and teachers.

(b) Suggest five (5) ways of overcoming the threats.

1. Increased Funding: The government should allocate more funds to the education sector to address infrastructure deficiencies, improve teacher training, and enhance the overall quality of education.

2. Infrastructure Development: Investments should be made in constructing and renovating school facilities to create conducive learning environments.

3. Teacher Training and Incentives: Providing continuous professional development for teachers and offering incentives such as better pay and career advancement can attract and retain qualified educators.

4. Promote Inclusivity: Implement policies that promote equal access to education for all, including marginalized and disadvantaged groups, to reduce educational disparities.

5. Improved Security Measures: Collaborate with security agencies to enhance the safety of schools in conflict-prone regions and ensure the protection of students and teachers.

4. Carefully assess the areas in which the 1969 Curriculum Conference impacted on the development of education in Nigeria.

The 1969 Curriculum Conference had several impacts on the development of education in Nigeria:

(a) Curriculum Reform: The conference led to the formulation of a new national curriculum that emphasized relevant subjects and practical skills, aligning with the country’s needs and aspirations.

(b) Educational Goals: The conference identified new national goals for Nigerian education, focusing on the needs of youths and adults in nation-building and reconstruction.

(c) Education Planning: The conference laid the foundation for effective education planning, ensuring a more systematic and coordinated approach to educational development in Nigeria.

(d) Teacher Training: The conference emphasized the importance of well-trained teachers and initiated efforts to improve teacher education and professional development.

(e) Educational Access: The 1969 conference resulted in changes to the educational structure, such as the transition from the 7-5-2-3 system to the 6-3-3-4 system, which aimed to improve educational access and reduce the number of years required for schooling.

5. List and explain the recommendations of Eric Ashby Commission for the development of tertiary education in Nigeria.

The recommendations of the Eric Ashby Commission, also known as the Ashby Commission, for the development of tertiary education in Nigeria were as follows:

1. Increased Funding: The commission recommended a significant increase in funding for tertiary institutions to improve infrastructure, research facilities, and staff remuneration.

2. Quality Assurance: The commission emphasized the need for rigorous quality assurance mechanisms to maintain academic standards and ensure the delivery of high-quality education.

3. Expansion of Institutions: The commission proposed the establishment of new universities and the expansion of existing ones to cater to the growing demand for higher education.

4. Faculty Development: The commission stressed the importance of faculty development through training and scholarship opportunities to enhance the quality of teaching and research.

5. Inclusive Access: The commission recommended measures to promote equal access to tertiary education for all qualified students, regardless of socioeconomic background, ethnicity, or gender.

The Ashby Commission’s recommendations aimed to transform and improve the Nigerian tertiary education system, ensuring it meets the country’s developmental needs and contributes to the nation’s progress.

National Teachers217; Institute. Kaduna (Post Graduate Diploma in Education) First Semester Examinations Time: 2 hours

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1. “The basic principles of Pestalozzi’s educational thoughts have immensely shaped the practice of education in Nigeria.” Agree or disagree, justify your answer with five (5) reasons.

(a) Agree
(b) Disagree
(c) Not sure

2. The 1877 ordinance established the framework for the introduction of formal education in ________.
(a) Lagos
(b) Abuja
(c) Kaduna

3. The 1886 ordinance extended the provisions of the 1877 ordinance to the rest of the ________.
(a) Nigeria
(b) Lagos Colony and Protectorate
(c) West Africa

4. One of the threats impeding the development of education in Nigeria is ________ funding.
(a) Adequate
(b) Insufficient
(c) Excessive

5. Inadequate infrastructure is a major challenge facing education in Nigeria, affecting the availability of ________.
(a) Qualified teachers
(b) Modern technology
(c) Learning materials

6. Security challenges, such as insurgency and violence, disrupt education in affected regions, leading to ________ among students and teachers.
(a) Increased motivation
(b) Fear and insecurity
(c) Better academic performance

7. The 1969 Curriculum Conference impacted the development of education in Nigeria by formulating a new ________.
(a) National anthem
(b) National policy on education
(c) Constitution

8. The conference identified new national goals for Nigerian education, taking into consideration the needs of ________.
(a) The elderly
(b) Youths and adults
(c) Foreign students

9. Pestalozzi emphasized the importance of ________ learning experiences and sensory-based teaching methods.
(a) Hands-on
(b) Theoretical
(c) Distance

10. The memorandum of 1923 native education committee aimed to promote ________ education in Nigeria.
(a) Traditional
(b) Western
(c) Vocational

11. The committee recommended the establishment of ________ schools to cater to different educational needs.
(a) Single-gender
(b) Mixed-gender
(c) Boarding

12. The memorandum focused on integrating ________ into the curriculum to preserve cultural heritage.
(a) History
(b) Language and culture
(c) Mathematics

13. One of the ways to overcome threats to education in Nigeria is by allocating ________ funding to the education sector.
(a) Reduced
(b) Adequate
(c) Zero

14. Providing continuous professional development for teachers is essential to improve their ________.
(a) Salaries
(b) Vacation days
(c) Skills and knowledge

15. Investing in the development of school ________ will create conducive learning environments for students.
(a) Uniforms
(b) Infrastructures
(c) Canteens

16. The 1877 ordinance initially catered to the education of ________.
(a) Elite and missionary converts
(b) Government officials only
(c) Female students only

17. In the 1886 ordinance, the provisions of the 1877 ordinance were extended to the rest of the ________.
(a) Northern region
(b) Southern region
(c) Lagos Colony and Protectorate

18. The 1969 Curriculum Conference led to the overhaul of the previous ________ system of education.
(a) 7-5-2-3
(b) 6-3-3-4
(c) 5-4-3-2

19. One of the contributions of Pestalozzi’s educational thoughts to Nigerian education is promoting a ________ approach to teaching.
(a) Student-centered
(b) Teacher-centered
(c) Rigid

20. The memorandum of 1923 native education committee advocated for the use of ________ as the medium of instruction in primary schools.
(a) French
(b) Hausa
(c) English

21. Inadequate infrastructure in Nigerian schools leads to ________ classroom sizes.
(a) Smaller
(b) Larger
(c) Similar

22. The 1877 and 1886 ordinances played a crucial role in the spread of Western education beyond ________.
(a) Nigeria
(b) Lagos
(c) Africa

23. The 1969 Curriculum Conference aimed to identify new national goals for Nigerian education and promote ________ development.
(a) Political
(b) Economic
(c) Technological

24. Pestalozzi’s emphasis on ________ education influenced Nigerian schools to focus on moral and character development.
(a) Religious
(b) Military
(c) Holistic

25. The recommendations of the Eric Ashby Commission emphasized the need for ________ quality assurance in tertiary education.
(a) Rigorous
(b) Minimal
(c) Inadequate

26. The memorandum of 1923 native education committee encouraged the establishment of ________ schools in Nigeria.
(a) Public
(b) Private
(c) Missionary

27. The 1969 Curriculum Conference led to the formulation of a new ________ to guide education in Nigeria.
(a) National anthem
(b) National policy on education
(c) Constitution

28. Pestalozzi’s focus on individual needs and abilities led to the adoption of ________ approaches in Nigerian classrooms.
(a) Uniform
(b) Learner-centered
(c) Traditional

29. Inadequate funding is a major threat impeding the development of ________ in Nigeria.
(a) Health sector
(b) Education sector
(c) Agriculture sector

30. The recommendations of the Eric Ashby Commission aimed to improve the quality of teaching and research at Nigerian ________ institutions.
(a) Primary
(b) Tertiary
(c) Secondary

[mediator_tech]

National Teachers’ Institute. Kaduna (Post Graduate Diploma in Education) First Semester Examinations Time: 2 hours