READING AND CONTENT ANALYSIS OF AFRICAN POETRY: ‘AMBUSH’ BY GBEMISOLA ADEOTI
FIRST TERM E-LEARNING NOTE
SUBJECT: LITERATURE IN ENGLISH CLASS: SS3
SCHEME OF WORK
WEEK SIX
READING AND CONTENT ANALYSIS OF AFRICAN POETRY: ‘AMBUSH’ BY GBEMISOLA ADEOTI
ABOUT THE POET
CONTENT ANALYSIS
POETIC DEVICES
THEMES
ABOUT THE POET
Dr. GbemisolaAdeoti is a lecturer in the English Department of ObafemiAwolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria. His area of teaching and research includes Dramatic Literature, Poetry, Literary History/theory and Popular Culture. He is the author of Naked Soles, co-editor (with Bjom Beckman) of Intellectuals and African Development and editor of Muse and Mimesis: Critical Perspectives on Ahmed Yerima’s Drama.
CONTENT ANALYSIS
The poem, ‘Ambush’, is a work by GbemisolaAdeoti that captures the attitude of Nigerian political leaders toward governance. The poet settles for the title ‘Ambush’ as it dramatically tell how the Nigerian leaders lie in wait to attack the hopes of the masses. To depict the true nature of these leaders, he employs metaphor to x-ray the traits of the so-called leaders. He says, ‘The land is a giant whale/that swallow the sinker/with hook, line and bait’. In the above lines, the exact picture of the leaders is captured. They are only interested in siphoning public funds which would have been deployed to provide the citizenry basic infrastructure and social amenities to enable the masses thrive in life. Instead of providing conducive and thriving environment for the masses, the leaders engage in frustrating them. Hence, the leaders help in ‘aborting dreams of a good catch’. When government fails in its responsibilities, it may be impossible for the masses to succeed. No wonder the masses are seen as ‘fishers turn home at dusk/blue Peter on empty ships/all Peters with petered out desires.’ To effectively expose the spate the masses find themselves, the poet uses biblical allusion on the case of Peter in the bible who fished all night and came back empty, to liken the fate of the people who toil all day and come back empty. This is as a result of the leaders neglecting the masses and failing to provide them a fair playing ground.
In the second stanza, the leaders change nature into a more dangerous form in ‘The land is a saber-toothed tiger’. He sees the leaders as tigers that devour the masses as preys. The selfishness and greed that characterize the leadership in Nigeria have devoured the possibilities of the ordinary man on the street to make it and survive. Due to the present carnivorous nature of leaders in Nigeria, adults are seen running away leaving ‘infant’ to ‘shudder home’ and ‘the grizzled ones snatch their gut/from bayonets of tribulation’. That is, the masses turn to crime and violence as alternative means of survival.
He continues in the third stanza: ‘The land is a giant hawk/that courts unceasing disaster/as it hovers and hoots in space’. In order for the masses not to organize themselves and question the leaders, the Nigerian leaders decide to provoke unending crisis that will keep the masses in a spot. Also, the callous nature of governance breeds disaster as unsatisfied groups begin to rise up against the government.
Finally, in the last stanza, these leaders begin to strategically attack those questioning their excesses as stated in ‘The land lies patiently ahead/awaiting in ambush/those who point away from direction/where nothing happens/toward the shore of possibilities’. The poet reveals that the leaders don’t want to give up in their selfishness, rather they would attack anyone that wants to stop them.
EVALUATION QUESTION
1. Give a detailed content analysis of the poem.
2. Comment on the poem, ‘Ambush’, as a satire.
POETIC DEVICES
The poem, ‘Ambush’, is characterized by the use of several poetic devices such as metaphor in the first line of the first three stanzas. Imagery is employed to visually capture the way and manner the leaders frustrate and terminate the dreams of the masses. Biblical allusion on the case of Peter in the bible is employed to show the helplessness of the masses who have been adversely affected by the corrupt practices of the leaders. ‘The land’ is used repeatedly to symbolize the leaders. Neologism is also another device deployed by the poet in the word ‘petered’. Other sound device like alliteration, onomatopoeia and assonance are utilized by the poet to drive home meaning.
THEMATIC FOCUS
1. The theme of disillusionment and betrayal.
2. The theme of corruption and insecurity.
3. The theme of greed and selfishness.
4. The theme of political instability and frustration.
GENERAL EVALUATION
1. Comment on the theme of attack of the predator on the prey, using the poem, ‘Ambush’.
2. Examine the poetic devices deployed in the poem, ‘Ambush’.
WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
1. “A black beautiful brilliant bride” is an example of A. pun. B. alliteration. C. assonance. D. onomatopoeia.
2. The paragraph in prose can be compared to ____ in poetry. A. couplet B. line C. stanza D. verse
3. The juxtaposition of two seemingly contradictory words is A. contrast. B. anti – climax. C. oxymoron. D. antithesis.
4. In “I am so famished, I can devour a whole cow”, the device used is A. hyperbole. B. metaphor. C. irony. D. sarcasm.
5. The repetition of initial consonant sounds in poetry is A. rhyme. B. assonance. C. oxymoron. D. alliteration.
6. The refrain “the land is a saber-toothed tiger” can be said to allude to A. the mass generalization of Nigerian leaders as predators. B. the insecurity and frustration that come with leadership in Nigeria. C. the greed, selfishness, criminality and violence associated with leadership in Nigeria. D. the relentless attacks by youths on Nigerian leaders.
7. The theme of disillusionment and betrayal is central to the poem “Ambush” because it reveals the frustration and helplessness experienced by the masses in Nigeria due to corrupt practices among political leaders.
8. There is an abundance of imagery in the poem “Ambush”, which evokes a visual experience of how the masses are frustrated by corrupt political leaders.
9. The use of Biblical allusion in the poem “Ambush” highlights the way in which Nigerian leaders exploit and betray their people for personal gain.
10. There is a strong sense of irony in the poem “Ambush”, as the leaders use violence and intimidation to maintain their hold on power.
THEORY
1. Examine GbemisolaAdeoti’s ‘Ambush’ as an x-ray of the Nigerian political trends.
The poem ‘Ambush’ by GbemisolaAdeoti is an x-ray of the corrupt political trends and practices in Nigeria. The poem uses vivid imagery to capture the disillusionment, betrayal, insecurity, greed, selfishness, and violence that characterize political life in Nigeria. Through its use of Biblical allusion, metaphor, irony, and other poetic devices, ‘Ambush’ is a powerful commentary on the ways in which Nigerian leaders prey upon and manipulate the people they are supposed to serve. Overall, it offers an insightful look into the struggles faced by ordinary Nigerians as they attempt to navigate the complexities of political life in Nigeria.
2. Discuss the major theme of the poem. How does the poet evoke this theme through her use of imagery, symbolism, and other poetic devices?
The major theme of the poem ‘Ambush’ is the corruption and disillusionment that plague political life in Nigeria. The poem uses vivid imagery to capture the ways in which Nigerian leaders prey upon and exploit their people for personal gain. Additionally, the use of symbolism and other poetic devices such as allusion, metaphor, and irony works to reinforce this central theme. Overall, ‘Ambush’ is a powerful commentary on the tragic realities of political life in Nigeria and the ways in which ordinary citizens continue to be victimized by those in power.
READING ASSIGNMENT
Read the themes of the poem above in Exam Focus.