Speech Work: Stress Placement on Two or More Syllable Words, Essay writing: Story Writing, and Comprehension: Reading for the Writer’s Purpose
Subject: English Grammar
Class: SS 2
Term: Third Term
Week: Week 5
TOPIC
- Speech Work: Stress Placement on Two or More Syllable Words
- Essay writing: Story Writing
- Comprehension: Reading for the Writer’s Purpose
- Vocabulary Development: A Manufacturing Industry
Speech Work: Stress Placement on Two or More Syllable Words
CONTENT: Identification and Examples.
In this lesson, we will explain the morphophonemic approach at identifying a stressed syllable. In this approach, stress placement is determined as a result of the occurrence and arrangement of vowels (short, long, diphthongs) and consonants in syllables.
Stress in English is the emphasis or force placed on a syllable when a word is pronounced. The stress can be on the first syllable, second syllable, or third syllable, depending on the word. The way a word is stressed can change the meaning of a sentence.
Let’s take the word “record” as an example.
If the stress is on the first syllable, “RE-cord,” it is a noun meaning a written or electronic account of something.
However, if the stress is on the second syllable, “re-CORD,” it is a verb meaning to make a permanent audio or visual recording of something.
In English, words with two or more syllables usually have one syllable that is stressed more strongly than the others.
Here are some examples of words with stress placement on different syllables:
- PHOtograph – stress on the second syllable
- eMphaSIZE – stress on the third syllable
- perFUME – stress on the first syllable
- reFUND – stress on the first syllable
- conTROversy – stress on the second syllable
It is important to note that the placement of stress can vary depending on the speaker’s dialect or accent. However, the stress placement generally follows certain patterns in English.
Evaluation
- In the word “hotel,” where is the stress placed? a. First syllable b. Second syllable c. Third syllable d. Fourth syllable
Answer: b. Second syllable
- Which syllable in the word “photograph” is stressed? a. First syllable b. Second syllable c. Third syllable d. Fourth syllable
Answer: b. Second syllable
- Which word is stressed on the first syllable? a. Understand b. Perspective c. Computer d. Identify
Answer: c. Computer
- Which word changes meaning depending on stress placement? a. Record b. Tractor c. Bicycle d. Skateboard
Answer: a. Record
- In the word “elephant,” where is the stress placed? a. First syllable b. Second syllable c. Third syllable d. Fourth syllable
Answer: b. Second syllable
- Which word is stressed on the third syllable? a. Importance b. Happiness c. Furniture d. Telephone
Answer: a. Importance
- Which word is stressed on the second syllable and is a verb meaning to give something to someone? a. Record b. Present c. Elephant d. Computer
Answer: b. Present
- In the word “resemble,” where is the stress placed? a. First syllable b. Second syllable c. Third syllable d. Fourth syllable
Answer: b. Second syllable
- Which word is stressed on the first syllable and means a type of pasta? a. Cannoli b. Linguine c. Spaghetti d. Ravioli
Answer: c. Spaghetti
- In the word “chocolate,” where is the stress placed? a. First syllable b. Second syllable c. Third syllable d. Fourth syllable
Answer: b. Second syllable
Guidelines
A (i) For two syllable words, Simple Adjectives, Adverbs and Prepositions,
Stress the first syllable when the second syllable contains a short vowel and one or a final consonant. E.g. ENter, ENvy, Open, Equal.
However, a two syllable verb that ends in the diphthong (әu) is stressed on the first syllable for example FOllow, BOrrow.
(ii) Stress the second syllable if it contains a long vowel or diphthong and ends with more than one consonant. E.g. withDRAW, inVITE, conTACT, aLIVE.
iii)Three syllabled verbs
If the last syllable contains a long vowel, diphthong or more than our consonant stress it. If the last syllable contains a short vowel or not more one consonant stress the second syllable e.g. resuRRECT, enterTAIN, enCOUNTER, deTERmine
B (i)Nouns of two syllables
Stress the first syllable if the second syllable contains a short vowel otherwise stress the second e.g. MOney, PROduct, LArynx, eSTATE, balLOON, deSIGN.
(ii)Nouns of three syllables
If the last syllable contains a short vowel or the diphthong /әu/, it receives no stress. If the middle syllable contains a long vowel or diphthong or ends with more than one consonant, that middle syllable is stressed e.g. poTAto, diSASter, boNANza, syNOPsis, diSASter, apPOINTment.
If the last syllable contains a short vowel and contains not more than one consonant, stress the first syllable e.g. QUANtity, EXercise, CUStody, SCHOlarship, EMperor, CInema.
In English, when we pronounce words with more than one syllable, we place stress or emphasis on certain syllables, which makes them sound more prominent or louder than the others. The placement of stress on syllables in a word is what we refer to as stress placement.
Let’s take the word “banana” as an example. This word has three syllables: ba-na-na. When we say the word “banana,” we place stress on the second syllable, which makes it sound like “ba-NA-na.”
Another example is the word “telephone,” which has three syllables: tel-e-phone. In this case, we place the stress on the first syllable, making it sound like “TEL-e-phone.”
It’s important to note that the placement of stress can change the meaning of a word. For example, the word “present” can be a noun meaning a gift or a verb meaning to give something to someone. When we stress the first syllable, “PRES-ent,” it’s a noun, but when we stress the second syllable, “pre-SENT,” it’s a verb.
Here are some other examples of words with different stress placement:
- “Photograph” – stress on the second syllable: PHO-to-graph
- “Elephant” – stress on the second syllable: EL-e-phant
- “Computer” – stress on the second syllable: com-PU-ter
- “Happiness” – stress on the second syllable: HAP-pi-ness
- “Chocolate” – stress on the second syllable: CHOC-o-late
In summary, stress placement is the emphasis or loudness we place on certain syllables when pronouncing a word with more than one syllable. It’s important to place stress on the correct syllables to ensure proper pronunciation and meaning of words.
EVALUATION
- What is the definition of stress placement? a. The emphasis placed on certain words in a sentence b. The emphasis placed on certain syllables in a word c. The speed at which a word is spoken d. The tone of voice used when speaking
Answer: b. The emphasis placed on certain syllables in a word
- In the word “banana,” where is the stress placed? a. First syllable b. Second syllable c. Third syllable d. Fourth syllable
Answer: b. Second syllable
- Which word is stressed on the third syllable? a. Comfortable b. Delicious c. Beautiful d. Fantastic
Answer: a. Comfortable
- Which word changes meaning depending on stress placement? a. Object b. Contest c. Conduct d. Present
Answer: d. Present
- In the word “elephant,” where is the stress placed? a. First syllable b. Second syllable c. Third syllable d. Fourth syllable
Answer: b. Second syllable
- Which word is stressed on the first syllable? a. Computer b. Important c. Telephone d. Hospital
Answer: b. Important
- Which word is stressed on the second syllable and means a type of musical instrument? a. Clarinet b. Piano c. Saxophone d. Guitar
Answer: a. Clarinet
- In the word “photograph,” where is the stress placed? a. First syllable b. Second syllable c. Third syllable d. Fourth syllable
Answer: b. Second syllable
- Which word is stressed on the second syllable and means a place where books are kept for borrowing or reference? a. Library b. Hospital c. Restaurant d. Post office
Answer: a. Library
- Which word is stressed on the first syllable and means a type of tree? a. Pineapple b. Coconut c. Banana d. Mango
Answer: b. Coconut
Identify three guidelines for identifying a stressed syllable.
READING ASSIGNMENT
Read Court Hearing page 10
Essay Writing: Story Writing
Content: Definitions, Outline
A story is a description of events and people that a writer or speaker has invented in order to advocate or entertain. Examples include love story, detective story, adventure, science fiction story e.t.c.
Story writing is an art form that involves creating a narrative that engages readers and takes them on a journey. To write a compelling story, one must follow these steps:
- Brainstorming: The first step in writing a story is to come up with a unique and interesting idea. Think about what you want your story to be about and what message you want to convey to your readers. You can also consider the characters you want to include in your story.
- Outlining: Once you have an idea, it’s essential to create an outline. This helps to organize your thoughts and plot points, and it also ensures that your story flows logically from beginning to end.
- Developing Characters: Characters are the backbone of any story, and it’s important to make them relatable and believable. Develop your characters by giving them personalities, backgrounds, and motivations.
- Setting: The setting of your story is the environment in which your characters exist. It can help set the mood and atmosphere of your story.
- Conflict: A good story needs conflict to keep readers engaged. This can be an external conflict, such as a character struggling against an antagonist, or an internal conflict, such as a character struggling with their own thoughts or emotions.
- Resolution: Every story needs a resolution that brings closure to the plot and leaves readers satisfied. The resolution should tie up loose ends and answer any lingering questions.
- Revisions and Editing: Once you have finished your first draft, it’s important to revise and edit your story. Look for grammar and spelling errors, as well as any areas where your story might need more development or clarification.
Examples of a well-written story include “The Gift of the Magi” by O. Henry and “The Lottery” by Shirley Jackson. These stories engage readers by developing well-rounded characters, creating a believable setting, and building tension through conflict. By following these steps, you can write your own compelling story that engages and captivates your readers.
There are two types of story writing that are tested by WAEC and NECO:
- A story that is meant to illustrate a particular saying e.g. Write a story to illustrate the saying: As one makes one’s bed, one must lie on it. WASSCE June 2006.
- A story which must end with a particular expression e.g. Tell a story the ends with the advice “Cut your coat according to your cloth” WASSCE June 1988
The first type is a story that is meant to illustrate a particular saying or proverb. This type of story requires the student to use the given proverb or saying as the theme of the story. The story should be crafted in such a way that it illustrates the meaning of the proverb or saying in a clear and effective manner. An example of this type of question is: “Write a story to illustrate the saying: ‘As one makes one’s bed, one must lie in it.'”
The second type is a story that must end with a particular expression or piece of advice. This type of story requires the student to write a story that leads up to the given expression or advice, and then ends with that expression or advice. The story should be crafted in such a way that the expression or advice makes sense in the context of the story. An example of this type of question is: “Tell a story that ends with the advice, ‘Cut your coat according to your cloth.'”
To do well in these types of story writing questions, students should ensure that their stories have a clear and concise plot that is relevant to the given theme or advice. They should also pay attention to grammar, spelling, and punctuation to ensure that their writing is clear and easy to understand. Additionally, they should use descriptive language and dialogue to make their stories more engaging and interesting to read.
Basic Features of Story Writing
- A story must have a heading, which should be written in capital letters. The given expression in the question should not be used as heading.
- A story must have an introductory paragraph, which serves as the beginning of the story.
- The body of the story should contain at least three well developed paragraphs which should show the complication (i.e. how events got to their highest height of intensity)
- The concluding paragraph serves as the resolution or dénouement. In this paragraph, one ends the story by resolving all complicated issues that were raised in the preceding paragraphs
- Narrative structure: Story writing follows a narrative structure with a clear beginning, middle, and end.
- Plot development: A well-written story should have a well-developed plot that includes conflict, rising action, climax, and resolution.
- Character development: A good story should have well-developed characters that are interesting, relatable, and memorable.
- Setting: The setting of the story should be described in detail to create a vivid and immersive experience for the reader.
- Point of view: The story should be written from a clear point of view, which could be first-person, third-person, or omniscient.
- Dialogue: Dialogue is an important part of story writing and should be used effectively to develop characters and move the plot forward.
- Imagery and figurative language: The use of imagery and figurative language, such as similes and metaphors, can help to create a more vivid and engaging story.
- Theme: A good story should have a clear theme or message that is conveyed through the plot, characters, and setting.
- Conclusion: The story should have a clear and satisfying conclusion that ties up all loose ends and leaves the reader with a sense of closure.
- Editing and revision: Good story writing requires careful editing and revision to ensure that the plot, characters, and setting are all well-developed and that the story is engaging and effective.
Sample question: Write a story which illustrates the saying: The early bird catches the worm.
It was a beautiful spring morning, and the sun was just beginning to rise over the horizon. Sally had always been an early riser, and today was no exception. She got out of bed, stretched, and headed out into the garden to start her day.
As she walked through the garden, she noticed a small bird hopping around on the ground. The bird seemed to be searching for something, and Sally soon realized that it was looking for worms to eat.
Without thinking, Sally ran back inside and grabbed a small shovel. She started digging up worms from the garden and bringing them over to the bird, which eagerly ate them up.
As Sally watched the bird eat, she realized that the saying “The early bird catches the worm” was true in more ways than one. By getting up early and starting her day, she had been able to help the bird and make a small difference in the world.
From that day forward, Sally made a point of getting up early and starting her day with purpose. She knew that by doing so, she could make a positive impact on the world around her, just like the early bird that catches the worm.
Paragraph 1 – Introduction. The protagonist, his, birth, background,
community assignment.
Paragraph 2 – His religious life.
Paragraph 3 – He, as usual, though mocked, is the first to get to the library
after a new set of books were delivered to the library by UNESCO. He borrowed the most relevant ones.
Paragraph 4 – When project topics were assigned, the books made his work easy.
Paragraph 5 – He was awarded a first class in computer science and being
faithful to hand in his academic gown, he was given the address of a telecommunications company who came for recruitment.
Paragraph 6 – Conclusion – Today, he is the MD of Bright Telecom Company.
Title: From Mockery to Success: The Journey of the MD of Bright Telecom Company
Introduction: The protagonist of this story was born and raised in a small village. Despite facing various challenges, he worked hard to make a better life for himself. He was assigned to work in his community, but he was determined to pursue his passion for education and technology.
Paragraph 1 – Background: The protagonist was born and raised in a small village. He had humble beginnings and faced various challenges throughout his life. Despite this, he remained determined to achieve his goals.
Paragraph 2 – Religious Life: Religion played an important role in the protagonist’s life. He was a devoted follower of his faith and believed that it gave him the strength to overcome his challenges.
Paragraph 3 – Passion for Education: Despite being assigned to work in his community, the protagonist was determined to pursue his passion for education. He was mocked for his interest in books, but he remained undeterred. When new books were delivered to the library by UNESCO, he was the first to borrow the most relevant ones.
Paragraph 4 – Academic Success: The protagonist’s hard work paid off when project topics were assigned. The books he had borrowed made his work easy, and he was able to complete his project with ease. As a result, he was awarded a first-class degree in computer science.
Paragraph 5 – Career Success: The protagonist’s academic success led to career success. He was faithful in returning his academic gown and was given the address of a telecommunications company that came for recruitment. He was able to secure a job at the company and worked his way up to become the MD of Bright Telecom Company.
Conclusion: Despite facing various challenges, the protagonist remained determined to pursue his passions. His hard work and dedication paid off, and he was able to achieve success in both his academic and professional life. Today, he serves as an inspiration to many who face similar challenges in their own lives.
EVALUATION
- What was the protagonist’s assigned community task? A) Computer science B) Education C) Telecommunications D) Unknown
- What was the protagonist’s religious belief? A) Undecided B) Non-religious C) Devoted follower D) Occasional follower
- What did the protagonist face for his interest in books? A) Mockery B) Admiration C) Ignorance D) Support
- Who delivered new books to the library? A) UNESCO B) Bright Telecom Company C) The protagonist’s community D) Unknown
- What did the protagonist borrow from the library? A) Irrelevant books B) Unnecessary books C) Relevant books D) All books
- What degree did the protagonist earn? A) Second-class degree B) Third-class degree C) First-class degree D) No degree
- What was the name of the company where the protagonist was recruited? A) Bright Telecom Company B) UNESCO C) Unknown D) The protagonist did not get a job
- What was the protagonist’s position in Bright Telecom Company? A) CEO B) CFO C) MD D) COO
- What was the protagonist’s inspiration to others? A) The challenges he faced B) His academic success C) His professional success D) All of the above
- What was the protagonist’s main passion? A) Telecommunications B) Education C) Computer science D) None of the above
Read p.87 main text. (Effective English)
READING ASSINGMENT
Read Countdown, page 247 – 248
Comprehension: Reading for The Writer’s Purpose
Vocabulary Development: A Manufacturing Industry pg. 155, Countdown English
Content:
The passage is about a manufacturing industry bakery specifically, and how bread is made. It explains the process using some bakery terminologies or jargons.
The manufacturing industry is one of the most important sectors of the economy. It involves the process of converting raw materials into finished products that are ready for use. This industry plays a critical role in the growth and development of any country.
One of the key factors that distinguish the manufacturing industry is the specialized vocabulary that is used by professionals in this field. These words are specific to this industry and may not be understood by people who are not familiar with it. Therefore, it is important to develop a good understanding of these terms to work effectively in the manufacturing sector.
For instance, some of the common vocabulary used in the manufacturing industry includes terms such as raw materials, inventory, production, assembly line, quality control, logistics, and supply chain. Raw materials refer to the basic materials that are used to create a finished product, while inventory refers to the stock of raw materials or finished products that a company has in its possession. Production is the process of creating goods, and assembly line refers to the arrangement of machines and workers in a specific order to manufacture a product.
Quality control is a critical aspect of the manufacturing industry, and it involves checking that products meet the required standards before they are released to the market. Logistics refers to the process of managing the movement of goods from one place to another, while the supply chain is the network of businesses, individuals, and organizations that are involved in the creation and delivery of products.
In conclusion, the manufacturing industry is a complex field that requires specialized vocabulary for effective communication. Developing a good understanding of these terms is essential for anyone who wants to work in this sector or understand its operations.
Vocabulary Words
- Manufacturing – the process of making goods on a large scale using machinery.
- Raw materials – the basic materials from which a product is made.
- Inventory – a complete list of items such as property, goods in stock, or the contents of a building.
- Production – the action of making or manufacturing from components or raw materials.
- Assembly line – a series of workers and machines in a factory by which a succession of identical items is progressively assembled.
- Quality control – the process of ensuring that goods or services are of acceptable quality.
- Logistics – the detailed organization and implementation of a complex operation involving many people, facilities, or supplies.
- Supply chain – the sequence of processes involved in the production and distribution of a commodity.
- Professionals – people engaged in a specified activity, especially a skilled or professional one.
- Vocabulary – the body of words used in a particular language or group of languages.
EVALUATION
Read the passage on page 155 of Countdown English and answer the questions on it.
- What is the manufacturing industry? A. A sector of the economy that involves the process of converting raw materials into finished products. B. A sector of the economy that involves the transportation of goods from one place to another. C. A sector of the economy that involves the buying and selling of stocks. D. A sector of the economy that involves the construction of buildings.
- Why is it important to develop a good understanding of the vocabulary used in the manufacturing industry? A. Because it helps people understand the stock market. B. Because it helps people communicate effectively in this field. C. Because it helps people understand the transportation industry. D. Because it helps people understand the construction industry.
- What are raw materials? A. The basic materials that are used to create a finished product. B. The finished products that are ready for use. C. The goods that are transported from one place to another. D. The businesses, individuals, and organizations involved in the creation and delivery of products.
- What is inventory? A. The process of managing the movement of goods from one place to another. B. The stock of raw materials or finished products that a company has in its possession. C. The arrangement of machines and workers in a specific order to manufacture a product. D. The process of creating goods.
- What is production? A. The process of creating goods. B. The process of managing the movement of goods from one place to another. C. The stock of raw materials or finished products that a company has in its possession. D. The network of businesses, individuals, and organizations involved in the creation and delivery of products.
- What is an assembly line? A. The basic materials that are used to create a finished product. B. The finished products that are ready for use. C. The arrangement of machines and workers in a specific order to manufacture a product. D. The process of managing the movement of goods from one place to another.
- What is quality control? A. The network of businesses, individuals, and organizations involved in the creation and delivery of products. B. The stock of raw materials or finished products that a company has in its possession. C. The process of creating goods. D. The process of checking that products meet the required standards before they are released to the market.
- What is logistics? A. The process of managing the movement of goods from one place to another. B. The arrangement of machines and workers in a specific order to manufacture a product. C. The stock of raw materials or finished products that a company has in its possession. D. The process of creating goods.
- What is the supply chain? A. The network of businesses, individuals, and organizations involved in the creation and delivery of products. B. The stock of raw materials or finished products that a company has in its possession. C. The process of managing the movement of goods from one place to another. D. The process of creating goods.
- Why is quality control important in the manufacturing industry? A. Because it helps people communicate effectively in this field. B. Because it involves checking that products meet the required standards before they are released to the market. C. Because it helps people understand the transportation industry. D. Because it helps people understand the construction industry.
READING ASSIGNMENT
- What is the definition of “manufacturing”? a) The process of selling goods on a large scale using machinery. b) The process of making goods on a small scale using machinery. c) The process of making goods on a large scale using machinery. d) The process of selling goods on a small scale using machinery.
- What are “raw materials”? a) The final products of a manufacturing process. b) The basic materials from which a product is made. c) The materials used for packaging a product. d) The materials used for shipping a product.
- What is “inventory”? a) A complete list of workers in a factory. b) A complete list of machines in a factory. c) A complete list of items such as property, goods in stock, or the contents of a building. d) A complete list of products that a company sells.
- What is “production”? a) The process of selling goods. b) The process of making goods from components or raw materials. c) The process of distributing goods to customers. d) The process of advertising goods to customers.
- What is an “assembly line”? a) A line of people waiting to buy a product. b) A line of people assembling products in a factory. c) A line of people selling products in a store. d) A line of people returning products to a store.
- What is “quality control”? a) The process of ensuring that goods or services are of acceptable quality. b) The process of reducing the quality of goods or services. c) The process of increasing the price of goods or services. d) The process of reducing the price of goods or services.
- What is “logistics”? a) The process of selling goods or services. b) The process of managing the production of goods or services. c) The process of organizing and implementing a complex operation involving many people, facilities, or supplies. d) The process of designing and testing a product.
- What is a “supply chain”? a) The sequence of processes involved in the sale of a commodity. b) The sequence of processes involved in the production of a commodity. c) The sequence of processes involved in the distribution of a commodity. d) The sequence of processes involved in the advertising of a commodity.
- What are “professionals”? a) People who are not skilled in a particular activity. b) People who are skilled in a particular activity. c) People who work in a factory. d) People who sell goods in a store.
- What is “vocabulary”? a) The body of words used in a particular language or group of languages. b) The body of words used in a particular industry. c) The body of words used in a particular country. d) The body of words used in a particular culture.
GENERAL EVALUATION
- Identify three basic features of story writing.
- Mention three guidelines while stressing words of two or more syllables.
WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
Answer question 1 – 6 concluding section unit 9, Effective English
Lesson Plan Presentation
Topic: Vocabulary Development in the Manufacturing Industry
Learning Objectives:
- Students will understand the importance of the manufacturing industry in the economy.
- Students will be able to identify and define key vocabulary used in the manufacturing industry.
- Students will appreciate the need to develop a good understanding of specialized vocabulary for effective communication in the manufacturing industry.
Teaching Materials:
- Whiteboard and markers
- Handouts containing definitions of key vocabulary used in the manufacturing industry
- PowerPoint presentation
- Interactive quizzes and worksheets
- Videos showcasing the manufacturing industry
Procedure:
I. Introduction (5 minutes)
- Greet the students and introduce the topic of the day
- Highlight the learning objectives and explain why it is important for them to understand the manufacturing industry’s vocabulary.
II. Presentation (20 minutes)
- Use PowerPoint slides to discuss the manufacturing industry’s importance, from raw materials to finished products.
- Introduce key vocabulary used in the industry, defining each term and explaining how they are used.
- Use videos to showcase the manufacturing process, making it more practical and easier for the students to understand.
III. Interactive Session (25 minutes)
- Divide the students into groups and give them handouts containing definitions of key vocabulary used in the manufacturing industry.
- Have them work together to identify the terms and define them using their own words.
- Afterward, distribute worksheets and interactive quizzes, making it a competition between groups to motivate and encourage them.
IV. Conclusion (5 minutes)
- Review the key points discussed, and ask students questions to test their understanding.
- End the class by highlighting the importance of learning specialized vocabulary for effective communication in the manufacturing industry.
Assessment:
- At the end of the class, distribute a short quiz to test the students’ understanding of the lesson.
Homework:
- Assign students to write a short essay on the importance of the manufacturing industry and its impact on the economy.
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