Changes in Living Things (Growth and Development) Basic Science Jss 2 First Term Lesson Notes Week 6

Lesson Plan for JSS 2 (Basic 8)

Subject: Basic Science
Class: JSS 2 (Basic 8)
Term: First Term
Week: 6
Age: 12 – 13 years
Topic: Changes in Living Things (Growth and Development)

Sub-topics:

1. Definition of Growth and Development
2. Changes that Occur During Growth and Development
3. Characteristic Features of Each Developmental Stage
4. Classification of Growth and Developmental Changes (Temporary vs. Permanent)
5. Factors Affecting Growth and Development

Duration: 80 minutes
Behavioral Objectives:
By the end of the lesson, students should be able to:

1. Define growth and development in living things.
2. Explain the various changes that occur during growth and development.
3. Describe the characteristic features of each developmental stage.
4. Classify growth and developmental changes into temporary and permanent changes.
5. Identify and discuss factors affecting growth and development.

Keywords: Growth, Development, Changes, Developmental Stages, Temporary Changes, Permanent Changes, Factors
Set Induction:
Ask the students to recall how they have changed physically, mentally, and emotionally since childhood. Discuss the concept of growth and development and relate it to their personal experiences.

Entry Behavior:
Students have basic knowledge of living things and understand that all living things grow and develop over time.

Learning Resources and Materials:

1. Diagrams showing the stages of growth and development in humans
2. Textbooks
3. Visual aids depicting changes during growth and development
4. Samples of plants at different growth stages
5. Workbooks and online materials

Building Background/Connection to Prior Knowledge:
Review the previous lesson on living things and discuss how growth and development are natural processes that all living organisms undergo.

Embedded Core Skills:

1. Critical thinking and observation
2. Communication and collaboration
3. Understanding human and plant development

Learning Materials:

1. Diagrams and charts showing growth stages
2. Visual aids of living things at different stages of development

Reference Books:

1. Basic Science for Junior Secondary Schools (Lagos State Scheme of Work)
2. Essential Science for JSS 2 by Dr. O. O. Odumosu

Instructional Content:

1. Definition of Growth and Development

• Growth: The physical increase in size and mass of an organism, such as height, weight, and volume.
• Development: The process by which an organism matures, including changes in physical, emotional, cognitive, and social aspects.

2. Changes that Occur During Growth and Development

• Physical Changes: Increase in height, weight, and size.
• Cognitive Changes: Development of thinking, problem-solving, and decision-making skills.
• Emotional Changes: Improved ability to manage emotions and understand others.
• Social Changes: Ability to form relationships and interact effectively with others.

3. Characteristic Features of Each Developmental Stage

• Infancy: Rapid growth, development of basic motor skills, dependency on caregivers.
• Childhood: Steady growth, development of language, cognitive and social skills.
• Adolescence: Puberty, rapid physical growth, development of sexual characteristics, emotional maturity.
• Adulthood: Stabilization of physical growth, peak cognitive and emotional development, social independence.

4. Classification of Growth and Developmental Changes

• Temporary Changes: Changes that occur during certain stages and may revert or stabilize over time (e.g., baby fat, temporary growth spurts).
• Permanent Changes: Changes that are irreversible and remain throughout life (e.g., height, bone structure, cognitive maturity).

5. Factors Affecting Growth and Development

• Genetics: Inherited traits that determine growth potential and developmental patterns.
• Nutrition: The availability of essential nutrients influences growth and health.
• Environment: Living conditions, access to healthcare, and physical surroundings impact development.
• Exercise: Regular physical activity supports healthy growth and development.
• Hormones: Chemical messengers like growth hormones play a significant role in regulating growth.
• Social Interactions: Relationships with family, peers, and society influence emotional and social development.

15 Fill-in-the-Blank Questions with Options:

1. Growth refers to the _______ increase in size and mass of an organism. (a) cognitive (b) emotional (c) physical (d) social)
2. Development includes changes in physical, emotional, cognitive, and _______ aspects. (a) height (b) social (c) weight (d) environment)
3. An example of a temporary change during growth is _______. (a) height increase (b) puberty (c) baby fat (d) bone structure)
4. The process of maturing in organisms is known as _______. (a) growth (b) environment (c) development (d) exercise)
5. A factor that affects growth and development is _______. (a) television (b) nutrition (c) toys (d) temperature)
6. The period of rapid growth and development during adolescence is called _______. (a) childhood (b) adulthood (c) infancy (d) puberty)
7. _______ changes are those that remain throughout life. (a) Temporary (b) Reversible (c) Permanent (d) Short-term)
8. Emotional changes during development include the ability to manage _______. (a) cars (b) money (c) emotions (d) tools)
9. Growth spurts are common during _______. (a) infancy (b) adulthood (c) adolescence (d) old age)
10. The environment can affect growth and development by influencing _______. (a) color (b) shape (c) height (d) living conditions)
11. An example of a permanent change in growth is _______. (a) body weight (b) height (c) clothing size (d) hair length)
12. Cognitive development involves improvements in _______. (a) running speed (b) problem-solving (c) hair color (d) skin texture)
13. Hormones that regulate growth are known as _______ hormones. (a) social (b) cognitive (c) growth (d) emotional)
14. The primary caregiver plays a crucial role in the development of _______ during infancy. (a) muscles (b) basic motor skills (c) money (d) jobs)
15. Genetics influence an individual’s _______ potential. (a) growth (b) car (c) temperature (d) height)

15 FAQs with Answers (Class Activity Discussion):

1. Q: What is the difference between growth and development?
   A: Growth refers to the physical increase in size and mass, while development includes emotional, cognitive, and social changes.
2. Q: Can growth occur without development?
   A: No, growth and development often occur together, though they refer to different aspects of an organism’s maturation.
3. Q: What are some physical changes that occur during growth?
   A: Physical changes include increases in height, weight, and size.
4. Q: What are temporary changes during growth?
   A: Temporary changes are changes that may stabilize or revert over time, such as baby fat or temporary growth spurts.
5. Q: Can you give an example of a permanent change during development?
   A: Permanent changes include things like height, bone structure, and cognitive maturity.
6. Q: How does nutrition affect growth and development?
   A: Proper nutrition provides the essential nutrients needed for healthy growth and development.
7. Q: What role do hormones play in growth?
   A: Hormones like growth hormones regulate the growth process and influence physical development.
8. Q: What is the significance of exercise in growth and development?
   A: Exercise supports healthy growth, maintains muscle mass, and helps in bone development.
9. Q: How does the environment affect an individual’s development?
   A: The environment can influence growth by affecting living conditions, access to resources, and overall health.
10. Q: Why is cognitive development important?
    A: Cognitive development is crucial for problem-solving, decision-making, and adapting to new situations.
11. Q: What changes occur during adolescence?
    A: Adolescence is marked by puberty, rapid physical growth, and emotional and cognitive development.
12. Q: Can genetics determine how tall a person will grow?
    A: Yes, genetics play a significant role in determining height and overall growth potential.
13. Q: What is emotional development?
    A: Emotional development involves the ability to understand and manage emotions, forming healthy relationships.
14. Q: Why is social interaction important for development?
    A: Social interactions help individuals develop communication skills, form relationships, and learn societal norms.
15. Q: What are the characteristic features of the childhood stage?
    A: Childhood is characterized by steady growth, development of language skills, and cognitive and social development.

Living things Relationship between organisms living in the same habitat

Growth is an irreversible increase in the dry matter incorporated in the mass, volume or size, weight, number of cells and in the length (height) of an organism. Growth is also the irreversible increase in the mass, height and weight of living things.

Development is the qualitative changes in structure and functions. Heredity and Environment determine a child’s development from birth. Growth and development go hand in hand. Growth is quantitative while development is qualitative.

Auxanometer is used to measure the growth in plant and in animal is weighing scale.

Differences between growth and development

Growth:

• It’s an irreversible increase in size, weight and height.
•   It’s a physical change .
•    It can be seen.

Development:

• It refers to the changes that lead to maturity
•   It  may not be seen or noticed
•   It is a change in physical attributes like learning, thinking, emotional   social abilities and the skills of an individual.

Differences between growth in plants and animals

     PLANTS                                                                                                                      ANIMALS

Major Indices of Growth Changes in Living Things

Heredity: Heredity and genes certainly play an important role in the transmission of physical and social characteristics from parents to off-springs. Different characteristics of growth and development like intelligence, aptitudes, body structure, height, weight, color of hair and eyes are highly influenced by heredity.

Sex: Sex is a very important factor which influences human growth and development. There is lot of difference in growth and development between girls and boys. Physical growth of girls in teens is faster than boys. Overall the body structure and growth of girls are different from boys.

Socioeconomic: Socioeconomic factors definitely have some affect. It has been seen that the children from different socioeconomic levels vary in average body size at all ages. The upper level families being always more advanced. The most important reasons behind this are better nutrition, better facilities, regular meals, sleep, and exercise. Family size also influences growth rate as in big families with limited income sometimes have children that do not get the proper nutrition and hence the growth is affected.

Nutritional: Growth is directly related with nutrition. The human body requires an adequate supply of calories for its normal growth and this need of requirements vary with the phase of development. As per studies, malnutrition is referred as a large-scale problem in many developing countries. They are more likely to be underweight, much shorter than average, and of low height for age, known as stunting.

If the children are malnourished, this slows their growth process. There are nine different amino acids which are necessary for growth and absence of any one will give rise to stunted growth. Other factors like zinc, Iodine, calcium, phosphorus and vitamins are also essential for proper growth and deficiency of anyone can affect the normal growth and development of the body.

Hormones: There are a large number of endocrine glands present inside our body. These glands secrete one or more hormones directly into the bloodstream. These hormones are capable of raising or lowering the activity level of the body or some organs of the body. Hormones are considered to be a growth supporting substance. These hormones play an important role in regulating the process of growth and development.

Pollution: According to studies, air pollution not only affects the respiratory organs but also have harmful effects on human growth.

Indoor pollution or the pollution from housing conditions can result in ill health which can negatively impact human growth and development. For example, lead exposure from deteriorated lead-based paint in older housing can be very harmful. Lead is very harmful for children as it simply gets immersed into the growing bodies of children and obstructs with the normal development of brain and other organs and systems.

Race: Racial factors also influence height, weight, color, features, and body constitution of a human being. The body growth and development differences show a relationship with varied cultural groups. For example a child of black race will be black, their height, their hair and eye color, facial structure are all governed by the same race.

Objectives 

1. Growth in plants is restricted to special areas as the —– tissues at the root tip and shoot apices. A. meristemic B. systemic C. mesoric D. impulsive
2. —– is used to measure the growth in plant and in animal is weighing scale.   Auxanometer B. anaemometer C. basketmometer D. humudity
3. —— in plants is directly influenced by such external factors as sunlight, temperature, humidity, gravity etc. A. Growth B. Development C. Temperature D. Pressure
4. Growth in—— is usually not directly influenced by such external factors. animals B. plants C. tree D. being
5. Growth is —– while development is qualitative. A. quantitative B. qualitative C. all of the above D. none of the above

THEORY

1. Mention the instrument to measure growth and development
2. Differentiate between growth in plants and animals
3. What is growth?
4. What is development?
5. Mention four differences between growth and development
6. List five major Indices of Growth Changes in Living Things

Presentation:

Step 1: Revising the Previous Topic
Review the concept of growth and development as introduced in previous lessons. Discuss how living things, including plants and animals, grow and develop over time.

Step 2: Introducing the New Topic
Introduce the topic by explaining the difference between growth and development. Use examples from the students’ own lives to make the concepts relatable.

Step 3: Allowing Pupils to Contribute
Encourage students to share their observations about how they or their peers have grown and developed. Discuss the changes that occur at different stages of life.

Step 4: Discussing Characteristic Features
Explain the characteristic features of each developmental stage (infancy, childhood, adolescence, adulthood). Use diagrams and charts for visual aid.

Step 5: Classifying Changes
Guide students in classifying changes as temporary or permanent. Use real-life examples to solidify their understanding.

Step 6: Discussing Factors Affecting Growth and Development
Discuss factors that affect growth and development, including genetics, nutrition, environment, and exercise.

Teacher’s Activities:

1. Explain the definitions of growth and development with relevant examples.
2. Use diagrams to illustrate the changes that occur during growth and development.
3. Guide students in identifying and classifying growth and developmental changes.
4. Discuss factors affecting growth and development in detail.

Learners’ Activities:

1. Participate in discussions about growth and development.
2. Observe diagrams and visual aids showing different stages of development.
3. Classify growth changes into temporary and permanent categories.
4. Share their personal growth experiences.

Assessment:

1. Define growth and development.
2. Explain two changes that occur during development.
3. Classify the following changes as temporary or permanent: increase in height, baby fat, cognitive development, bone structure.
4. Identify two factors that affect growth and development.

10 Evaluation Questions:

1. What is growth?
2. What is development in living organisms?
3. Name one change that occurs during adolescence.
4. Which type of change, temporary or permanent, is an increase in height?
5. How does nutrition affect growth?
6. At what stage do humans experience rapid growth?
7. What is a permanent change that occurs during development?
8. What role do genetics play in growth?
9. How can the environment influence development?
10. Why is exercise important for growth and development?

Conclusion:

• Review the key concepts of growth and development, including the classification of changes and factors affecting them.
• Ensure students understand the characteristic features of different developmental stages.

Captivating Title: “Exploring Growth and Development in Living Things”
Focus Keyphrase: “Growth and developmental changes in living things”
SEO Title: “Understanding Growth and Development | Basic Science JSS 2”
Slug: growth-development-living-things-jss2
Meta Description: “Learn about the changes that occur during growth and development in living things. This lesson for JSS 2 students covers key concepts and factors affecting development.”

This lesson plan provides a comprehensive exploration of the changes that occur during growth and development in living things, ensuring that students grasp the concepts through interactive discussions and activities.