Direct and Indirect Speech English Grammar JSS 2 First Term Lesson Notes Week 10

Lesson Plan: Direct and Indirect Speech

Subject: English Grammar
Class: JSS 2
Term: First Term
Week: 10
Age: 12-13 years
Topic: Direct and Indirect Speech
Sub-topic: Understanding and Using Direct and Indirect Speech
Duration: 40 minutes

Behavioral Objectives:
By the end of the lesson, students should be able to:

1. Define direct and indirect speech.
2. Identify the differences between direct and indirect speech.
3. Convert sentences from direct to indirect speech and vice versa.
4. Apply correct punctuation and reporting verbs in sentences.

Keywords: Direct speech, indirect speech, reporting verbs, punctuation
Set Induction: Begin the lesson by writing a direct quote on the board (e.g., “I love reading”). Ask students to discuss what it means and how it can be expressed differently.

Entry Behavior: Students should have a basic understanding of reported speech from previous lessons.

Learning Resources and Materials:

1. Whiteboard and markers
2. Handouts with examples of direct and indirect speech
3. Worksheets for practice
4. Flashcards with common reporting verbs

Building Background/Connection to Prior Knowledge:
Review prior lessons on verbs and how they are used to convey messages. Discuss the concept of quotations and how they are reported in writing.

Embedded Core Skills:

• Communication
• Critical thinking
• Writing skills

Learning Materials:

• Flashcards with examples of direct and indirect speech
• Role-play scenarios for practice

Reference Books:

• English Grammar Textbook for JSS 2
• Lagos State Scheme of Work

Instructional Materials:

• Examples of direct and indirect speech
• Sentence frames for conversion practice

Content (with Examples)

Direct Speech:
Direct speech reports the exact words spoken by a person and is usually enclosed in quotation marks.

• Example: She said, “I am going to the market.”

Indirect Speech:
Indirect speech reports what someone said without quoting their exact words. It often involves changing the tense and removing quotation marks.

• Example: She said that she was going to the market.

Key Changes When Converting from Direct to Indirect Speech:

1. Tense Change: Present tense in direct speech often changes to past tense in indirect speech.
   • Direct: “I am happy.”
   • Indirect: She said that she was happy.
2. Pronoun Change: Pronouns may need to be changed to reflect the speaker’s perspective.
   • Direct: “I love this book.”
   • Indirect: He said that he loved that book.
3. Removal of Quotation Marks: Quotation marks are removed in indirect speech.
4. Use of Reporting Verbs: Common reporting verbs include said, told, asked, etc.

15 Fill-in-the-Blank Questions with Options

1. She said, “I am tired.” → She said that she _______ (a. is tired, b. was tired).
2. “Do you like ice cream?” he asked. → He asked if I _______ (a. liked, b. like) ice cream.
3. “We will go tomorrow,” they said. → They said that they _______ (a. will go, b. would go) the next day.
4. “I can swim,” she said. → She said that she _______ (a. could swim, b. can swim).
5. “Where are you going?” he asked. → He asked where I _______ (a. was going, b. am going).
6. “It is raining,” he said. → He said that it _______ (a. was raining, b. is raining).
7. “I will help you,” she said. → She said that she _______ (a. would help, b. will help) me.
8. “Are you ready?” he asked. → He asked if I _______ (a. was ready, b. am ready).
9. “They are playing football,” she said. → She said that they _______ (a. were playing, b. are playing) football.
10. “I bought a new car,” he said. → He said that he _______ (a. had bought, b. bought) a new car.
11. “Can you come here?” she asked. → She asked if I _______ (a. could come, b. can come) there.
12. “I don’t like vegetables,” he said. → He said that he _______ (a. didn’t like, b. doesn’t like) vegetables.
13. “I have seen that movie,” she said. → She said that she _______ (a. had seen, b. has seen) that movie.
14. “We are going on a trip,” they said. → They said that they _______ (a. were going, b. are going) on a trip.
15. “What time is it?” he asked. → He asked what time it _______ (a. was, b. is).

15 FAQs with Answers

1. What is direct speech?
   Direct speech quotes the exact words spoken by a person, using quotation marks.
2. What is indirect speech?
   Indirect speech paraphrases what someone said without quoting their exact words.
3. How do you change tense when converting to indirect speech?
   Present tense in direct speech typically changes to past tense in indirect speech.
4. Do you keep the quotation marks in indirect speech?
   No, quotation marks are removed in indirect speech.
5. What are some common reporting verbs?
   Common reporting verbs include said, told, asked, and explained.
6. How do pronouns change in indirect speech?
   Pronouns may change to match the perspective of the reporting speaker.
7. Can you give an example of a tense change?
   Direct: “I am happy.” → Indirect: She said that she was happy.
8. What happens to questions in indirect speech?
   Questions are often rephrased into statements, and the question form is removed.
9. How do you convert “He said, ‘I will go to the store'” to indirect speech?
   He said that he would go to the store.
10. Is there a difference between “said” and “told”?
    Yes, “told” often requires an object (e.g., “He told me…”), while “said” does not.
11. What should you do if the direct speech is in the past tense?
    The past tense may remain the same or change to a past perfect tense in indirect speech.
12. How do you handle time expressions when converting?
    Time expressions may change (e.g., today → that day, tomorrow → the next day).
13. Can you use indirect speech to report commands?
    Yes, commands can be reported using “told” followed by an infinitive (e.g., He told me to sit down).
14. What is the importance of reporting verbs?
    Reporting verbs help convey the tone and context of what was said.
15. Can you give an example of indirect speech for a question?
    Direct: “Where are you going?” → Indirect: She asked where I was going.

Presentation Steps

1. Step 1: Revising the Previous Topic
   Review the previous lesson on modal verbs and their functions in requests.
2. Step 2: Introducing the New Topic
   Explain direct and indirect speech, providing clear definitions and examples.
3. Step 3: Allowing Pupils to Contribute and Correcting Them as Necessary
   Encourage students to convert sentences from direct to indirect speech and provide feedback on their answers.

Teacher’s Activities

• Introduce the lesson and explain the differences between direct and indirect speech.
• Facilitate practice exercises where students convert sentences between the two forms.
• Provide worksheets for individual practice and assess understanding.
• A direct speech involves the actual words used by a speaker. The exact words spoken are marked in quotation marks (inverted commas ” ”).

  For examples:

  Kofi said, ‘I want to eat rice.’

  Sam said, ‘We are tired.’

  ‘I am the messenger of the powerful mermaid,’ he said.

   

  Indirect Speech is also known as reported speech. It is formed by repeating what the speaker has said. In this case, quotation marks are not used and the introduction of the conjunction, ‘that’. But sometimes other words such as : asked, told ordered can be used. For examples:

  Kofi said that he wanted to eat rice.

  Sam said that they were tired.

  He said that he was the messenger of the powerful mermaid.

   

  Many changes take place when a direct speech is turned into an Indirect Speech.

   

  1. Changes in tense usually take place; for example a simple present tense changes to simple past tense, present continuous to past continuous, etc.

   

  2. Removal of quotation marks.

   

  3. Introduction of the conjunction ‘that’, after said.

   

  4. Some common rules should also be followed:

  Today becomes that day;

  Tomorrow becomes the next day or the following day;

  Last week becomes the previous week.

   

  5. Changes in the pronouns:

  I becomes he or she;

  We becomes they;

  Me becomes him or her;

  Mine becomes his or hers

  He or she becomes they.

   

  Review questions:

   

  1. Change from direct to Indirect Speech.

   

  a) Jane said, “I have paid my school fees.”

  _______________________________________________________________________________

   

  b) “Nigeria is in West Africa,” the teacher said.

  ______________________________________________________________________________

   

  c) “Have you seen the head teacher?” Justina asked Stella.

  _____________________________________________________________________________

   

   

   

  2.) Change from Indirect to direct speech.

   

  a.) The man said that he was traveling that day.

  ______________________________________________________________________________

   

  b.) Tope said that she was hungry.

  ______________________________________________________________________________

Learners’ Activities

• Participate in discussions about direct and indirect speech.
• Engage in converting sentences in pairs or groups.
• Complete worksheets to reinforce learning.

Assessment

• Distribute a worksheet with sentences for students to convert between direct and indirect speech.
• Review their answers and provide feedback on their understanding.

10 Evaluation Questions

1. Define direct speech.
2. Define indirect speech.
3. How do you change the tense in indirect speech?
4. What are some common reporting verbs?
5. Convert “She said, ‘I am happy'” to indirect speech.
6. What happens to quotations in indirect speech?
7. Provide an example of a direct quote.
8. What is the role of pronouns in converting speech?
9. Write a sentence using “said” in direct speech.
10. Convert the question “Are you coming?” to indirect speech.

Conclusion

• Summarize the lesson by emphasizing the importance of understanding direct and indirect speech in communication.
• Mark students’ work, providing feedback and suggestions for improvement.