JS 3 (BASIC 9) BASIC TECHNOLOGY SECOND TERM WEEK 8

SECOND TERM: E-LEARNING NOTES

JS 3 (BASIC 9)

SUBJECT: BASIC TECHNOLOGY

SCHEME OF WORK

WEEK: EIGHT

DATE:

TOPIC: BUILDING

SUB-TOPICS:

• Floors
• Doors, windows and Openings

Content Development (NOTES FOR FIRST LESSON/PERIOD ONE)

Sub-Topic 1: FLOOR

Floors

Floors are the horizontal components of buildings that support all imposed load. Floors normally satisfy a number of requirements depending on their location.

Types of Floors.

a. Solid Floors: Solid floors usually consist of concrete, which may simply be finished with a smooth surface or laid with tiles (plastic and linoleum floor tiles), which are not normally laid down in the specifications.

b. Suspended Floors: These consist of wood, which are nailed over solid lengths of timber, the ends of which are supported by the many walls of the building. These solid timbers are known as joists, and they vary according to the type of house.

Suspended timber ground floors are susceptible to dry rot, because of lack of ventilation. This situation of fungus attack could be overcome by providing air bricks in the external walls at suitable distances around the perimeter of the building.

Types of floor based on method of construction:

1. The Basement floor: This is the floor below ground level and is used mostly for car parks.

2. The Ground floor: This is floor on ground level.

3. The Upper floor: This is the floor above the ground level.

Damp proof course (D.P.C): It is a layer of material capable of preventing the penetration of moisture which is embedded in the walls just below the exposed surface through which water can percolate. A properly placed D.P.C will prevent blistering of paint, rotting of timber and bulging of plaster.

General floor finishes.

a. Cement screed: this is a mixture of cement and sand and is common for most ordinary dwelling houses. Carpet or linoleum is usually used on such floors. They can also be painted.

b. Floor tiles: A variety of tiles made of wood, ceramics and thermoplastics are available for floor finishes.

c. Terrazzo : This is a very good but costly finish and is used for high class jobs.

d. Timber: Timber is also used and requires to be polished.

Evaluation

• Name the various types of floors
• What is D.P.C?
• Of what importance is D.P.C in building?

Content Development (NOTES FOR SECOND LESSON/PERIOD TWO)

Sub-Topic 2: Doors, Windows and Openings.

A door is a solid flat barrier that closes the opening entrance to a building or a room. The principal function of a door to a building is to prevent unrestricted access to an enclosed space. In other words, entrances and exits into and from buildings, rooms, etc are possible only through doors.

Functions of doors

• They provide inlets and out-lets to the building and its various compartments or rooms.
• They provide security to the building. Unwanted elements (e.g mosquitoes, wild animals, thieves etc) can be shut off.
• Doors contribute to the beauty of the building.

Types of doors: Interior doors and exterior doors.

Interior doors: there are four types of doors generally used as interior doors, they are:

Panel door ii. Flush door iii. French door iv. Louvre door

Exterior doors: Usually exterior doors are of solid core construction. They may be wooden or glass doors, they may be panel or flush doors.

Sliding door: these are space saving doors which are used for closets in bedrooms, etc their installation usually requires the making of special panels by the craftsman, with the manufacturers providing the tracks and other necessary hardwares.

Revolving doors: these are usually traffic control doors within a building. The door normalizes inward and outward movements with its four leaves revolving on a pivot, thereby allowing a person in and out in turns.

Folding door or Roller shutter door: these are doors which are easily installed, as they take little space. These types of doors are mostly made of metals.

Diagram

Door sizes

Door can be made to any specified size depending on the use and choice of the designer or owner. Some standard sizes include:

826 x 2049mm. Usually used as external doors.

726 x 2040mm. Suitable for most internal doors.

626 x 2040mm. Usually used for cupboards and cloakrooms.

526 x 2040mm.Usually used for small cupboards.

The normal thickness of the above door size is usually 40mm.

Door frames

A door-set consists of a door plus the frame. It is the frame which holds the door in position so that it can open or close. The frame is normally fixed in position either during the construction of the wall or thereafter. A frame consists of three members, these are two posts which are secured at the top to a cross-piece called the head. The head usually has horns which are some 50 to 100 mm projections of the head beyond the posts. The horns assist in making the frame secure when it is built into the wall. In order that the door may be well received by the frame, a 13 to 16mm deep recess or rebate is formed round the frame.

Mounting of doors.

Doors are mounted on frames which are already positioned on the walls by the use of hardwares such as hinges and fittings such as bolts and locks. It also includes door handles or knobs.

Window: A window is an opening in wall, designed for the purpose of admitting light and air into an enclosed space. Occupants of a building can also have an outside view through the window. Majority of today’s designs emphasize windows as decorative structures, as portrayed by their shapes and sizes, which are better installed into frames.

Types of windows:

i. Casement window ii. Louvered window iii. Double hung window iv. French window v. Hopper window vi. Sliding window

Diagram

Lintel: A lintel is a horizontal beam supporting a wall over an opening of relatively short span. The lintel spans an opening to carry the load above the opening and to transmit the same load to the wall on either side of the opening. A lintel could be of concrete, wood or metal.

Functions of Lintel

1. Lintel is used to support wall block/bricks set above the openings. Such as doors and windows.
2. Lintel is also used to support the roof.
3. Lintel such as arch and vaults are designed to beautify the building structure.

Diagram

EVALUATION

• What are the main functions of doors?
• What are the main functions of windows.
• What is a lintel?
• List 3 functions of a lintel?
• Why is a door frame necessary?

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT

1. Visit a construction site and identify the lintel.

2. Move round the school building and identify the various types of doors and windows used.

READING ASSIGNMENT

Read about Doors and windows in NERDC Basic Technology for Junior Secondary school 3.