Pricing in Agriculture for JSS 3 Students

Lesson Plan: Pricing in Agriculture

Subject: Agricultural Science
Class: JSS 3
Term: First Term
Week: 4
Age: 13 – 15 years
Topic: Pricing
Sub-topic: Definition, Pricing Policies, and Determinants of Agricultural Product Prices
Duration: 40 minutes

Behavioural Objectives

At the end of the lesson, students should be able to:

1. Define pricing policies in agriculture.
2. Identify the factors that affect the price of agricultural products.
3. Explain price determinants, such as cost of production and product quality.
4. Understand the relationship between agricultural pricing and market conditions.

Keywords

• Pricing
• Policies
• Cost of Production
• Quality
• Market Demand

Set Induction

The teacher will show two similar agricultural products (e.g., a local and imported rice bag) and ask: “Why do you think these two products have different prices?” Students will share their ideas, helping to introduce the concept of agricultural pricing.

Entry Behaviour

Students have previously learned about branding and packaging. This lesson builds on their understanding of how products are priced and sold in the market.

Learning Resources and Materials

• Samples of agricultural products with different prices
• Posters showing factors affecting pricing
• Charts explaining pricing policies

Building Background / Connection to Prior Knowledge

This lesson connects to previous discussions on product packaging and branding, which also influence the prices of agricultural products.

Embedded Core Skills

• Critical thinking (analyzing pricing factors)
• Communication (discussing the role of market forces)
• Problem-solving (understanding price fluctuations)
• Financial literacy (learning about cost, demand, and pricing strategies)

Learning Materials

• Agricultural Science textbook for JSS 3
• Lagos State Scheme of Work

Instructional Materials

• Agricultural product samples (e.g., rice, fruits)
• Price comparison charts
• Market price trend posters

Content: Pricing in Agriculture

I. Definition of Pricing Policies

1. Pricing policies are strategies used by producers or businesses to set prices for their products.
2. In agriculture, pricing policies help farmers decide the right price to sell their products to cover costs and make profit.
3. Examples of pricing policies include:
   • Cost-based pricing (based on production costs).
   • Market-based pricing (based on supply and demand).

II. Factors Affecting Price of Agricultural Products

1. Cost of Production: High costs for inputs like seeds, fertilizers, and labor will increase the final price.
2. Quality of Produce: Higher quality products often attract higher prices.
3. Market Demand: When demand is high and supply is low, prices increase.
4. Weather Conditions: Poor weather can reduce yield, causing prices to rise.
5. Transportation Costs: Higher transport costs lead to higher product prices.
6. Government Policies: Taxes, subsidies, or tariffs affect product prices.

III. Price Determinants

1. Cost of Production:
   • The total cost involved in producing a product, including labor, seeds, fertilizers, and machinery.
2. Quality of Produce:
   • Consumers are willing to pay more for products that are fresh, organic, or of high quality.
3. Supply and Demand:
   • When there is more supply than demand, prices drop, and when demand exceeds supply, prices increase.
4. Location and Transportation:
   • Agricultural products grown far from the market tend to have higher prices due to transport costs.
5. Seasonality:
   • Seasonal products (e.g., mangoes) may be cheaper during their peak season and more expensive off-season.

Teacher’s Activities

1. Define pricing policies and explain their importance.
2. Display and discuss samples of agricultural products with different prices.
3. Guide students in identifying factors that affect the price of agricultural goods.
4. Lead a discussion on the impact of transportation, weather, and quality on agricultural pricing.

Learners’ Activities

1. Listen to the teacher’s explanations on pricing policies.
2. Examine and compare the samples of agricultural products.
3. Participate in discussions about the factors affecting product prices.
4. Ask questions about the role of market forces in setting prices.

Assessment

Fill-in-the-blank Questions

1. Pricing policies help farmers set the __________ of their products.
   a) Color
   b) Price
   c) Weight
   d) Quantity
2. __________ affects product prices when demand is high and supply is low.
   a) Weather
   b) Market demand
   c) Transport
   d) Packaging
3. One factor that increases the price of agricultural products is high __________ costs.
   a) Production
   b) Storage
   c) Promotion
   d) Packaging
4. High-quality agricultural produce is often sold at a __________ price.
   a) Lower
   b) Constant
   c) Higher
   d) Random
5. The total amount spent on producing a product is called the __________.
   a) Market price
   b) Cost of production
   c) Retail price
   d) Demand price
6. Products grown far from the market are more expensive due to __________.
   a) Advertising
   b) Transport costs
   c) Market demand
   d) Weather conditions
7. __________ affects agricultural prices by reducing or increasing crop yields.
   a) Labor
   b) Packaging
   c) Weather
   d) Branding
8. Government policies like __________ can increase product prices.
   a) Transport
   b) Taxes
   c) Marketing
   d) Advertising
9. __________ products are usually cheaper during their growing season.
   a) Imported
   b) Local
   c) Seasonal
   d) Manufactured
10. Farmers use __________ pricing to cover their costs and make a profit.
    a) Cost-based
    b) Retail
    c) Wholesale
    d) Discount

Class Activity Discussion: Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

1. What is pricing?
   • Pricing is setting the amount to sell a product for.
2. Why do farmers need pricing policies?
   • To cover production costs and earn profit.
3. What happens if demand for a product is low?
   • The price will drop.
4. How do weather conditions affect prices?
   • Bad weather can reduce harvest, increasing prices.
5. What are examples of pricing policies?
   • Cost-based pricing and market-based pricing.
6. How does transport cost affect prices?
   • Higher transport costs increase product prices.
7. Why are seasonal products cheaper in their season?
   • There is more supply during their season.
8. What role does quality play in pricing?
   • Higher quality products attract higher prices.
9. How can government policies affect prices?
   • Taxes or subsidies can increase or reduce prices.
10. What is cost-based pricing?
    • A pricing strategy where the price is set based on the cost of production.

Conclusion

The teacher will review students’ answers, provide feedback, and clarify any doubts.

More Useful Links 

• Branding in Agricultural Science for JSS 3 Students
• Packaging in Agricultural Science for JSS 3 Students Agricultural Science JSS 3 First Term Lesson Notes Week 2
• Types of Advertising in Agriculture for JSS