Speech work: /p/, /b/, /t/ and /d/ Comprehension Summary: Summarizing in specific number of sentences Vocabulary Development: (words associated with Traditional Religion) Structure: Nominalization of Adjectives Writing Skills: Letter Writing: Semi-Formal Letters (Introduction)
Subject: English Grammar
Class: SS 1
Week: Week 6
Term: First Term
Topic:
Speech work: /p/, /b/, /t/ and /d/
Comprehension/Summary: Summarizing in specific number of sentences
Vocabulary Development: (words associated with Traditional Religion)
Structure: Nominalization of Adjectives
Writing Skills: Letter Writing: Semi-Formal Letters (Introduction)
ASPECT: Speech Work
TOPIC: Consonants /p/, /b/, /t/ and /d/
Consonant /p/:
This is a voiceless, bilabial, oral, plosive consonant sound. It is produced by raising the soft palate so that the flow of air does not go out of the nose and by closing the two lips firmly to trap the air for a short time in the mouth. The phonetic symbol of the sound represents the sound of the following underlined letter(s) in their respective words.
p…..as in the following words: plot, peak, port, pay, pull, push, parrot, pride, soap, rope, uphold, etc.
pp… as in upper, supper, mopped, happy, schnapps, cripple, apply, ripple, disappear, appoint, etc.
ph…. as in the following words: shepherd, etc.
gh… as in the following words: hiccough, etc.
NOTE: Written letter ‘p’ is silent in the following words: cupboard, Psalter, ptomaine, psychic, raspberry, psyche, pneumonia, pseudonym, psychology, psychosis, psychiatry, psychoanalysis, pneumatic, palm, receipt, coup, corps, etc.
Consonant /b/: This is a voiced, biblical, oral, plosive consonant sound. It is produced by raising the soft palate so that the flow of air does not go out of the nose and by closing the two lips firmly to trap the air for a short time in the mouth. The phonetic symbol of the sound represents the sound of the following underlined letter(s) in their respective words.
b as in the following words: bad, beat, boy, slab, crumble, crab, rib, box, bat, husband, but, etc.
bb as in the following words: rabbit, jabber, rabble, rabbi, dabble, bubble, gabble, robber, etc.
NOTES:
- When letter ‘b’ is followed by the letter ‘t’ at the end of a word or syllable, it is silent as in the following words: debt, subtle, doubt, debtor, etc.
- When letter ‘b’ is preceded by the letter ‘m’ at the end of a word or syllable it is silent as in the following words: lamb, tomb, comb, thumb, womb, limb, climb, plumb, plumber, dumb, bomber, numb, crumb, rhomb, succumb, bomb-shell, numbskull, numbly, etc.
EXCEPTION: the following words are exceptions to the above rule: slumber, limber, timber, December etc.
Consonant /t/: This is a voiceless, alveolar, oral, plosive consonant sound. It is produced by raising the soft palate so that the flow of air does not go out of the nose and by pressing the tip of the tongue firmly against the alveolar to trap the air behind them for a short time. The phonetic symbol of the sound represents the sound of the following underlined letter(s) in their respective words.
d as in the following words: width, apartheid, breadth, etc.
t as in the following words: top, team, meat, set, tea, tell, lent, bit, bet, talk, technique, etc
tt as in the following words: betting, letter, kettle, putting, rotten, battalion, mattress, cigarette, buttocks, ghetto, etc.
th (in some proper nouns) as in the following words: Thomas, Thames, Anthony, Thyme, Theresa, Thompson, Thailand, etc.
-ed (past tense marker preceded by any of the following voiceless sounds /p/, /k/, /f/, /s/, /ʃ/, /tʃ/, or /Ɵ/, as in the following words: slapped, tasked, drenched, capped, raced, developed, bluffed, clinched, asked, looked, kicked, jumped, worked, laughed, cursed, hissed, etc.
Consonant /d/: This is a voiced, alveolar, oral, plosive consonant sound. It is produced by raising the soft palate to cover the naval cavity so that the flow of air does not go out of the nose and by pressing the tip of the tongue firmly against the alveolar to trap the air behind them for a short time. The phonetic symbol of the sound represents the sound of the following underlined letter(s) in their respective words.
d as in the following words: deep, hard, rider, code, dig, friend, dog, seed, dull, bad, amend, etc.
dd as in the following words: pudding, Buddha, daddy, riddle, adding, muddle, wedding, saddle, etc.
-ed (past tense marker preceded by a vowel sound or any of the following consonant sounds /t/, /d/, /b/, /g/, /v/, /ð/, /z/, /ӡ/, /dӡ/, /m/, /n/, /ɳ/, /l/ as in the following words: completed, excluded, judged, begged, wedded, warned, feared, warmed, cheated, nabbed, etc.
ASPECT: Comprehension/Summary
TOPIC: Summarizing in specified number of sentences
Class Activities: Students are instructed to read the short passage and answer the question on it. The educator leads them to answer the summary question correctly.
ASPECT: Vocabulary Development
TOPIC: Exercise on Agriculture Register (Unit 9 page 67).
Reference Book: Banjo et al (2014) New Oxford Senior English Course for Secondary Schools Book1 Ibadan: University Press PLC. Page 67
Class Activities: Students are to fill the missing gaps in the passage with the right words from the options.
ASPECT: Structure
TOPIC:
Nominalization of adjectives
What is nominalization in the first place? Nominalization is the term used to describe the change of a verb or an adjective into a noun. Therefore, nominalization of adjectives is changing a word in the adjective form to noun that is, turning it to a noun. It is the grammatical process of changing from one form class to another. Examples:
| Adjectives | Noun |
| Wise | Wisdom |
| Long | Length |
| Broad | Breadth |
| Deep | Depth |
| Beautiful | Beauty |
| Angry | Anger |
| Attractive | Attraction |
| Sweet | Sweetness |
| Safe | Safety |
| Dark | Darkness |
Nominalization of adjectives
Many adjectives can be nominalized, which means they can be used as nouns. This can be done by adding a suffix to the adjective, such as-ness or-ity, or by using a word like “status” or “condition.” For example,
Adjective: happy
Nominalization: happiness
Adjective: sad
Nominalization: sadness
Adjective: difficult
Nominalization: difficulty
Adjective: easy
Nominalization: ease
Adjective: comfortable
Nominalization: comfort
Adjective: uncomfortable
Nominalization: discomfort
Adjective: good
Nominalization: goodness
Adjective: bad
Nominalization: badness
Adjective: beautiful
Nominalization: beauty
Adjective: ugly
Nominalization: ugliness
Adjective: peaceful
Nominalization: peace
Adjective: dangerous
Nominalization: danger
Adjective: safe
Nominalization: safety
You can use these nominalized adjectives as the subject or object of a sentence, or as part of a compound noun. For example,
Happiness is what I’m after.
Sadness engulfs me.
The difficulty of the problem is underestimated.
Adjectives are often used as nouns in various ways. Examples are:
- As plural nouns denoting some abstract quality; as
The cautious (=cautious persons) are not always cowards.
The rich (=rich people) know not how the poor (=poor people) live.
The wicked (=wicked people) flee when no man pursues, but the righteous (=righteous people) are as bold as lion.
Blessed are the meek (=meek person).
- As singular nouns denoting some abstract quality; as,
The future (futurity) is unknown to us.
He is a lover of the beautiful (=beauty in general).
- Some adjectives actually become nouns, and are hence used in both numbers: –
(a) Those derived from proper nouns; as, Australians, Canadians, and Italians etc.
(b) Some denoting persons; as, juniors, seniors, mortals, inferiors, superiors, nobles, criminals, savages, elders, minors, etc.
(c) A few denoting things generally; as, secrets, totals, liquids, solids, valuables.
- In certain phrases; as, in general; in future; in short; in secret; before long; at present; for good; at best; through thick and thin; for better or for worse; in black and white; right or wrong; from bad to worse; the long and the short; etc.
EVALUATION:
- Form adjectives from the following nouns: courage, terror, victory, fool, wonder, gold, harm, wood, justice, and favour.
- Use the nominalized words above in sentences.
ASPECT: Writing
TOPIC: Semi-formal letter
A semi-formal letter is not totally formal, neither is it completely informal. The receiver of the letter here is known to the writer yet occupies a position of authority. The examples of semi-formal letters are: Letters to the writer’s school Principal, teachers, Chairman of Parent-Teacher Association, President of old Students’ Association, Church Pastor, Imam, family friend(his father’s or mother’s friend), etc.
There are two approaches to writing a semi-formal letter. They are:
Method 1
(a) Two addresses- the writer’s address plus the date, the designation (e.g. the Principal, etc.) and full address of the receiver.
(b) (i) Salutation- Sir or Dear Sir (for a school Principal, Pastor, P.T.A. Chairman, President old students’ association).
(ii) Dear Mr/Mrs Olanrewaju (for one’s teacher, father’s or mother’s friend, etc.).
(iii) Dear Imam, Dear Pastor, etc.
(c) Next is a suitable title.
(d) Introductory paragraph.
(e) Body/contents of the letter (in good paragraphs).
(f) Conclusion
(g) Ending-Yours faithfully, signature of the writer and his first name and surname
Method 2
(a) One’s address- the writer’s address and date.
(b) Salutation (as above).
(c) No title here
(d) Introductory paragraph
(e) Body/contents well-paragraphed
(f) Conclusion
(g) Ending: either of the two below will do here.
Yours sincerely,
Akinyinka Omoniyi.
EVALUATION:
- What is a semi-formal letter?
- Mention the steps in writing semi-formal letters and explain.
ASSIGNMENT
Letter Writing: You are about to leave school after spending six years as a student. Write a letter to the principal, expressing your candid views on the strengths and weaknesses of the school and giving suggestions for improvement. (S.S.C.E., June 1994)
Questions
1. What is the process of nominalization?
2. What are some examples of nominalized adjectives?
3. How does nominalization change the meaning of an adjective?
4. What are the benefits of nominalizing an adjective?
5. Are there any drawbacks to nominalizing an adjective?
6. How do you know when to nominalize an adjective?
7. What are some common mistakes people make when nominalizing adjectives?
8. How can you avoid making mistakes when nominalizing adjectives?
9. What are some tips for nominalizing adjectives effectively?
10. Can you think of any other questions about nominalization of adjectives that we haven’t covered here?
Suggested Answers
1. Nominalization is the process of turning an adjective into a noun
2. Some examples of nominalized adjectives are “the rich,” “the poor,” “the elderly,” and “the sick.”
3. Nominalization changes the meaning of an adjective by making it into a noun, which can be the subject or object of a sentence
4. The benefits of nominalizing an adjective include making it easier to form sentences and adding emphasis to the adjective
5. The drawbacks of nominalizing an adjective include losing the original meaning of the adjective and making the sentence sound awkward
6. You should nominalize an adjective when you want to add emphasis to the adjective or when the adjective is the subject or object of a sentence
7. The most common mistake people make when nominalizing adjectives is using the wrong form of the adjective, which can change the meaning of the sentence
8. You can avoid making mistakes when nominalizing adjectives by proofreading your work and making sure that the adjective you use is in the correct form
9. Some tips for nominalizing adjectives effectively include using adjectives that have multiple meanings and using adjectives that are easy to remember
10. Other questions about nominalization of adjectives include how to choose the right adjective and how to use nominalized adjectives in writing.
Objective Questions
1. What is the process of nominalization?
A. Nominalization is the process of turning an adjective into a noun
B. Nominalization changes the meaning of an adjective by making it into a noun, which can be the subject or object of a sentence
C. The benefits of nominalizing an adjective include making it easier to form sentences and adding emphasis to the adjective
2. What are some examples of nominalized adjectives?
A. Some examples of nominalized adjectives are “the rich,” “the poor,” “the elderly,” and “the sick.”
B. The drawbacks of nominalizing an adjective include losing the original meaning of the adjective and making the sentence sound awkward
C. You should nominalize an adjective when you want to add emphasis to the adjective or when the adjective is the subject or object of a sentence
3. How does nominalization change the meaning of an adjective?
A. Nominalization changes the meaning of an adjective by making it into a noun, which can be the subject or object of a sentence
B. The benefits of nominalizing an adjective include making it easier to form sentences and adding emphasis to the adjective
C. The drawbacks of nominalizing an adjective include losing the original meaning of the adjective and making the sentence sound awkward
4. What are the benefits of nominalizing an adjective?
A. The benefits of nominalizing an adjective include making it easier to form sentences and adding emphasis to the adjective
B. The drawbacks of nominalizing an adjective include losing the original meaning of the adjective and making the sentence sound awkward
C. You should nominalize an adjective when you want to add emphasis to the adjective or when the adjective is the subject or object of a sentence
5. What are the drawbacks of nominalizing an adjective?
A. The drawbacks of nominalizing an adjective include losing the original meaning of the adjective and making the sentence sound awkward
B. You should nominalize an adjective when you want to add emphasis to the adjective or when the adjective is the subject or object of a sentence
C. The most common mistake people make when nominalizing adjectives is using the wrong form of the adjective, which can change the meaning of the sentence
6. When should you nominalize an adjective?
A. You should nominalize an adjective when you want to add emphasis to the adjective or when the adjective is the subject or object of a sentence
B. The most common mistake people make when nominalizing adjectives is using the wrong form of the adjective, which can change the meaning of the sentence
C. You can avoid making mistakes when nominalizing adjectives by proofreading your work and making sure that the adjective you use is in the correct form
7. What is the most common mistake people make when nominalizing adjectives?
A. The most common mistake people make when nominalizing adjectives is using the wrong form of the adjective, which can change the meaning of the sentence
B. You can avoid making mistakes when nominalizing adjectives by proofreading your work and making sure that the adjective you use is in the correct form
C. Adjectives that end in “-ed” are usually not nominalized, as this can change the meaning of the sentence
8. How can you avoid making mistakes when nominalizing adjectives?
A. You can avoid making mistakes when nominalizing adjectives by proofreading your work and making sure that the adjective you use is in the correct form
B. Adjectives that end in “-ed” are usually not nominalized, as this can change the meaning of the sentence
C. When in doubt, it is best to consult a dictionary or grammar book to make sure that you are using the correct form of the adjective
9. Which adjectives should not be nominalized?
A. Adjectives that end in “-ed” are usually not nominalized, as this can change the meaning of the sentence
B. When in doubt, it is best to consult a dictionary or grammar book to make sure that you are using the correct form of the adjective
C. Some adjectives, such as “good” and “bad,” cannot be nominalized
10. How can you be sure to use the correct form of an adjective when nominalizing it?
A. You can avoid making mistakes when nominalizing adjectives by proofreading your work and making sure that the adjective you use is in the correct form
B. Adjectives that end in “-ed” are usually not nominalized, as this can change the meaning of the sentence
C. When in doubt, it is best to consult a dictionary or grammar book to make sure that you are using the correct form of the adjective
