ANIMAL FEED INGREDIENTS

Subject:

Agricultural Science

 

Class:

SS 2

 

Term:

THIRD Term / 3RD Term

 

Week:

Week 10

 

Topic:

ANIMAL FEED INGREDIENTS

 

Previous Knowledge: The pupils have previous knowledge of

 

   ANIMAL NUTRITION

that was taught in their previous lesson.

 

 

Behavioural  Objectives : At the end of the lesson, learners will be able to

 

• Define Animal Nutrition
• Give the classification of livestock feeds
• Say the importance of Food Nutrients of livestock
• What is animal nutrition
• State the classes of animal feed 

 

 

Instructional Materials 

• Wall charts
• Online Resource
• Textbooks
• Laptop
• Crop samples
• Pictures that are related to the subject matter
• Flash cards
• www.edudelighttutors.com

 

Methods of Teaching 

• Role modelling
• Questions and Answers
• Explanation
• Discussion
• Recitation
• Imitation
• Story Telling
• Dramatization

 

 

WEEK TEN 

ANIMAL FEED INGREDIENTS

These are the raw materials used in production of animal feeds. These includes; blood meal, fish meal, groundnut cake, palm kernel cake, cotton seed meal, bone meal, maize, guinea corn etc.

 

ACTIVITY

Explain the method of preparing the ingredients mentioned above.

 

FOOD NUTRIENTS OF LIVESTOCK

There are six classes of food nutrients. These are;

1. CARBOHYDRATE: It is made up of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.

Sources: Maize, guinea corn, cassava, grasses, wheat, potato, rice, millet, yam, hay, silage, potato, rice millet, yam, hay, silage potatoes etc

FUNCTIONS OF CARBOHYDRATES

Provides energy to farm animal for growth, reproduction, milk production and other activities.

 

1. PROTEIN: It is composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and sometimes sulphur, nitrogen and phosphorus 

Sources: The sources of animal proteins are; fish meal, blood meal, meat meal, milk, earthworms, eggs  e.t.c. Plant proteins sources are; soyabeans meal, groundnut cake, palm kernel cake, cotton seed meal, sunflower seed meal, cashewnut meal and leguminous forage. Synthetic sources of proterins are; methionine, lysine, cysteine

FUNCTIONS OF PROTEIN

1. Essential for the growth of young animal tissue
2. They are used to repair worn out tissue
3. They are used in the formation of gamates in reproduction
4. They are needed for the production of enzymes
5. They are necessary for flesh built-up
6. Essential for sustenance of life
7. Help to provide raw materials for building protective covering such as hair, nails roof, wool feather e.t.c.
8. They are useful in the production of 

 

1. FATS AND OIL

Fat are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

Sources: These are palm oil, palm kernel cake, groundnut cake, coconut meal, cotton seed cake, milk, lard and fallow.

FUNCTIONS OF FATS AND OIL

1. Fats provide more energy than carbohydrates
2. Fat supply essential fatty acids and fat build-up
3. They provide fat soluble vitamins
4. They improve the diet
5. They help in the maintenance of body temperature

 

1. MINERALS: these are essential elements needed by the body but which the body cannot produce. They are grouped into two major classes:

1. Structural mineral elements: Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen and Nitrogen
2. Mineral elements is further divided into

1. Macro-elements or mineral: These are required by animals in large quantity e.g. calcium, photophorus, magnesium, potassium, sulphur, sodium and chlorine
2. Trace Elements or micro elements: These are required by animals in small quantity e.g. iodine, cobalt, copper, manganese, zinc and fluorine.

Sources are born meal, oyster shell, limestone and salt licks

 

 

FUNCTIONS OF MINERAL

1. It helps to ensure good health and productivity
2. Present in muscles for muscle contractions
3. Constituent of milk, egg and meat
4. Help in the formation of hormones.
5. Maintain PH balance of body fluids
6. They prevent diseases
7. Regulate blood clothing
8. Help in bone and teeth formation
9. Prevent tooth decay

 

MINERALS	SOURCES	FUNCTIONS	DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS
Calcium	Bone meal, oyster shell, limestone, milk rock calcium phosphate	Bone and teeth formation Egg shell formation Blood clotting	Ricket, osteomalacia, soft egg shell. Retarded growth
Phosphorus	Bone meal, Dicalcium phosphate, fish meal	Bone and teeth formation; Acid-base balance; Egg shell formation	Ricket, Lack of appetite. Osteomalcia
Magnesium	Salt licks, wheat germs, forage, grasses	Aid functioning of the nervous system. Activation of enzymes	Hyper-irritability, Nervous disorder Called tetany
Sodium and Chlorine	Common salt, salt licks, fish meal	Regulates acid-base balance; Maintenance of osmotic pressure, constituents of Hcl Improves pleasant taste of feed.	Reduced growth and weight; decline in appetite.
Sulphur	Salt licks, fish meal	Constituent of protein and amino acids like cysteine, methione	Poor growth
Iron	Yeast, iron injection, salt licks	Constituent of haemoglobin in red blood cell. Constituent of protein called myoglobuline	Anaemia e.g. baby pig anaemia of piglets.
Iodine	Iodined salts, fish meal	Constituent of hormone called thyroxine	Goitre
Cobalt	Salt licks, Activate some enzymes	Constituents of vitamins B12	General malnutrition
Copper	Salt licks	Aids formation of haemoglobin & Iron absorption	Anaemia
Flourine	Salt licks, fluorinated water	Prevents tooth decay	Tooth decay.

 

 

1. VITAMINS: are organic substances also required by animals for proper growth and bosy development. The types are; 

1. Fat Soluble Vitamins: These are vitamins which are soluble in fat e.g. A,D,E and K
2. Water Soluble Vitamins C and B-Complex. Examples of vitamin B-Complex are; cobalamine, pantothenic acid and folic acid.

 

MINERALS	SOURCES	FUNCTIONS	DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS
Vitamin A (retinol)	Fish meal, grasses, yellow maize	Proper eye sight (or vision), Epithelical cell formation, Aid reproduction.	Nightblindness
Vitamin C (Ascorbic) acid	Grasses, vegetables and fruits.	Formation of connective tissues, bone and dentine	Scurvy
Vitamin D (Calciferol)	Bone meal, fish meal and sunlight	Aids bone and teeth formation, egg shell formation	Ricket, Osteomalacia, soft shell egg.
Vitamin E (Tocopherol)	Vegetables, grasses, synthetic vitamin E	Aids reproduction. As an antioxidant.	Reproductive failure like sterility and premature
Vitamin K (phylloquinone)	Fish meal,  vegetables	Aids blood clotting. Prothrombin	Haemorrhages i.e inability of the blood to clot in time.
Vitamin B1 (Thiamine)	Yeast, cereals, green plants	Co-enzyme in energy metabolism	Poor appetite, Bere-beri
Vitamin  B2 (Riboflavin)	Green herbage and milk products	Co-enzyme in protein and fat metabolism	Slow growth, Dermatitis
Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin)	Fish meal, milk products	As co-enzyme in several biochemical reactions. Red blood cell formation	Pernicious anaemia.
Vitamin B3 Niacin (Nicotinic acid)	Yeast, cereals, grasses	Carbohydrate oxidation	Pellagra

 

1. WATER

Sources of water; tap, feed, rain, rivers, pond and fresh fodder.

FUNCTION OF WATER

1. Water is provided for drinking purposes
2. It is used for metabolic and digestion of food
3. For dipping/drenching animal against ectoparasites
4. For washing or cleaning of animals 
5. For sanitation, cleaning of floor and pens
6. For processing animal products
7. For maintenance of body temperature 
8. For irrigation of pasture
9. It helps to get rid of waste products in the body
10. Helps to maintain body turgidity

 

FUNCTIONS OF ANTIBIOTICS

1. Helps to fight against pathogen
2. Helps to heal sore and wounds in animals
3. They increase absorption of nutrient from digestive tract

TYPES OF RATION/DIET AND THEIR USES

Diet: is defined as the feed formulated to meet specific needs of an animal. It is also referred to as the amount of feed regularly given to or consumed by animal. It is formulated to meet specific metabolic or physiological functions such as growth, location, maintenance of pregnancy, reproduction or egg laying.

 

Ration: is the total supply of food given to animals in a twenty four hour period.

Balanced Ration: A balanced ration is the feed containing all essential nutrients in the correct quantity and in adequate proportion for feeding animals.

Types of balanced ration

1. Maintenance Ration: This is given to farm animals just to maintain normal functioning of the body system.
2. Production Ration: This is the type of ration given to farm animals to enable them to produce.

 

Factor to be considered when deciding the type of Ration to feed an Animal

1. The purpose for which the animal is kept
2. Age of the animal
3. Animal’s condition of health
4. Management System
5. Physiological state of the animal

 

Categories of farm animals that require production ration are;

1. Lactating  animals
2. Weaned animals
3. Pregnant animals
4. Fattening animals
5. Broiler
6. Layers
7. Steaming up or flushing

 

Presentation : 

The topic is presented step by step

Step 1: The class teacher revises the old topic

Step 2: The class teacher introduces the new topic

Step 3: The class teacher allows the pupils to give their own contributions and gives room for pupils” participation

 

Class Teacher and Pupils Activities. Interaction or Participation 

This involves class teacher and pupils’ interaction, conversation, imitation or modeling through discussion, play method or just by recitation or asking and answering questions that are related to the topic that has just been taught.

 

 

 

EVALUATION 

1. What is animal nutrition?
2. State the classes of animal feed
3. State five functions of proteins.
4. What are macronutrient?
5. What is balanced ration?
6. Distinguished between production and maintenance ration
7. State five functions of vitamins
8. State five functions of water

 

 

 

 

 

Conclusion : 

The class teacher concludes the lesson by giving the pupils some notes on the topic that has just been taught. He goes round to mark and he does the necessary corrections.