JS3 (BASIC 9) MATHEMATICS SECOND TERM

NAME:……………………………………………………………………..CLASS:…..………………………….

SECOND TERM E-LEARNING NOTES

JS3 (BASIC 9)

SUBJECT: MATHEMATICS

SCHEME OF WORK

WEEK TOPIC

Revision of first term work
Simple Equations involving Fractions: Simple Equations involving fractions. Word problems leading to simple equations involving fractions
Simultaneous Linear equations: Compilations of tables of values. Graphical solution of simultaneous linear equations in two variables.

Solution of simultaneous linear equations: Method by elimination and method by substitution.
Similar shapes: identification of similar figures-triangles, rectangles, squares, cubes and cuboids. Enlargement and scale factor
Use of scale factor in calculating lengths, areas and volumes of similar figures.

Trigonometry: the sine, cosine and tangent of an acute angle. Applications of Tri gonometrical ratios to finding distances and lengths
Area of plane Figures: Area of plane figures-Triangles, parallelogram, trapezium and circle. Calculations of the areas of lands
Construction: Bisection of a segment-using a pair of compasses and a ruler. Bisection of an angle. Construction of angles 90⁰, 45⁰, 60⁰ and 30⁰. Copying giving angles. Solving quantitative reasoning aptitude problems on construction.[mediator_tech][mediator_tech]

Revision.
Examination.

WEEK 1

Revision of Last Term’s Work. The teacher should do a thorough revision of last term’s work. Topics that were not well understood by the students or areas that were not well covered due to shortage of time or other reasons should be treated and class exercises, class activities, assignments, e.t.c should be given within this week.

WEEK 2.

TOPIC: EQUATIONS WITH FRACTIONS.

CONTENTS:

Solving simple equations with fractions
Word problems leading to fractions

Word problems leading to equations with fractions

SIMPLE EQUATIONS WITH FRACTIONS

Equations such as e.t.c are equations involving fractions.

To solve any of these equations, we consider the L.C.M of the denominators and multiply each term of the equation by the L.C.M to clear the fractions and solve the equation as usual.

Example 1

Solve the equation:

Solution

The denominators of the fractions in this equation are; 5 and 2.

L.C.M of 5 and 2 is 10.

We multiply through by this L.C.M. i.e) = 2 = 20 – 5

Opening brackets we have,

2 8 = 20 – 5

Collecting like terms we have,

5 + 2 = 20 +8

7 = 28.

Thus, = = 4

Example 2

Solve +

Solution

The denominators are 3, 5 and 15.

Their L.C.M is 30

Thus, 30 x + 30 x

10 x + 6 x 4 = 2 x 17
+ 24 = 34

EVALUATION

Solve

(b) (c)

NOTE: Sometimes it is not necessary to find the L.C.M of the denominators. If the equation has a single denominator on both sides of the equation, we simply solve the equation by cross multiplying as illustrated in the next example below.

Example 3Solve i. ii.

Solution

cross multiplying, we have,

Rearranging the terms,

Cross multiplying, we have,

Example 4

Solve

Solution

Cross multiplying, we have,

2()

Opening brackets, we have,

Collecting like terms

WORD PROBLEMS INVOLVING FRACTIONS.

When solving word problems, identify the unknown and represent it by any letter of the alphabet. Form an equation in terms of the unknown based on the given information and solve the equation. Study the table below

S.N	word problem	unknown	mathematical form
1	a number added to triple the number	k	k + 3K
2	Three-quarter of a number subtracted from twice the number	r	2r
3	The product of 5 and one-quarter of a number added to ten	m	5
4	eight subtracted from three times a number is the same as twice the number	z	3z – 8 = 2z
5	Two-third of a number subtracted from thrice the number gives five	d	3d = 5
6	The positive difference between nine and five	—–	9 – 5
7	one-quarter of w subtracted from twenty	w

EVALUATION

Write the following in mathematical form

i. The positive difference between and

ii. One-third of a number subtracted from gives ten

iii. Five times m plus twice n gives ten

iv. The product of two-fifth of k and two

v. one-fourth of the product of eight and five

vi. Three-fifth of the difference between four and

Example 4

A fisherman had 30 fish in his net. He ate some of them and discovered that there are 19 fish left. How many did he eat?

Solution

Total number of fish in the net = 30.

Let number of fish eaten =

Number of fish left in the net = 19

Hence, 30 = 19

Or = 30 – 19 = 11. Hence the man ate 11 fish

Example 5

The sum of the ages of a man and his son is 56 years. In 8 years time, the ratio of their ages will be 13:5. (a) How old are they now (b) find the difference between their ages.

Solution

(a) Let the age of the man be years.

Therefore the son’s age will be (56 – ) years.

In 8 years time, their ages will be(8 + ) years (man)

and (8 +56 – m) years (son).

The ratio of their ages at this time is 13:5.

Hence,[mediator_tech][mediator_tech]

Cross multiplying,

we have 5(8 + m) = 13( 64 – m)

Opening brackets,

40 + 5m = 832 – 13m

Collecting like terms,

5m + 13m = 832 – 40

18m = 792

Hence, the man’s age is 44 years and the son’s age is 56 – 44 = 12 years.

(b)The difference between their ages is 44 – 12 = 32

Example 6

When a certain number is subtracted from 56 and the result divided by 5, it is the same as if 14 is added to the number and the result divided by 2. Find the number

Solution

Let the number be n

The number subtracted from 56 is 56 – n

The result divided by 5 is

14 added to the number is n + 14

The result divided by 2 is

Hence, according to the given information,

Cross multiplying, we have,

Opening brackets,

112 – 2n = 5n + 70

Collecting like terms,

2n – 5n = 70 – 112

n =

n = 14

EVALUATION:

i. Subtract 8 from 78, then find one-seventh of the result

ii. if I add 8 to a certain number and I double the result, my final answer is 36. What is the number?

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT.

Refer to the following text books and do the following exercises

(1) (Work book, Nelson Functional Mathematics for Junior secondary school, book 3). Exercise E, Pages 9 and 10 questions 1 – 5.

(2) ( New General Mathematics for West Africa, for junior secondary school, U.B.E Edition Book 3). Exercise2f,Page 26 Questions 1 – 5.

(3) ( Nelson Functional Mathematics. Book 3) Exercise 2.6 pages 34 and 35. Questions 1, 4 , 14 , 19 , 24

WEEKEND READING ASSIGNMENT.

New General Mathematics for West Africa, for junior secondary school, U.B.E Edition Book 3), Pages102-108

WEEK 3

TOPIC: SIMULTANEOUS LINEAR EQUATIONS

CONTENT:

Concept of simultaneous equations
Preparing table of values for variables
Graphical approach to the solution of simultaneous equations

SUB TOPIC: CONCEPT OF SIMULTANEOUS EQUATIONS

Equations such as……………………..i

…………………………ii

With two variables to be solved at the same time are called simultaneous equations.

SUB TOPIC: PREPARING TABLE OF VALUES.

The above equations are both linear equations with two variables. For a certain value of , y has a corresponding value. For example, considering the equation , making y the subject of the formula,

= + 1.

When takes the value 0, , When takes the value 1, . When takes the value 2, . When takes the value 3, . The result can be displayed in a table as shown below

	0	1	2
	1	2	3

The table above is known as table of specification. The table can be extended if we assign more values to

EVALUATION

a. Prepare table of specification for the equation for to 2

b. Copy and complete the table for the relation

	-2	-1	0	1	2
	-1.5	?	0.5	?	?

SUB TOPIC: GRAPHICAL METHOD OF SOLVING SIMULTANEOUS EQUATIONS

This method involves creating tables of values for both variables or unknowns. is usually made the subject of the formula and referred to as the dependent variable while is the independent variable. Simple values can be assigned to in order to determine the corresponding values of . Although two plotted points are enough to draw the lines of both equations, it is advisable to plot at least three points. After plotting, the points are expected to lie on the same straight line for both equations. The lines should intersect at a point or this can be achieved by extending one or both lines with a ruler. The point of intersection of the lines gives the solutions of the simultaneous equations. If the lines are parallel, it means the simultaneous equations have no solution.

NOTE: Educator should guide the students on the choice of simple and reasonable scales for plotting the points.

Example 1

Solve using graphical approach:

……………………..i

…………………………ii

Solution

We assign four values to (0, 1, 2 and 3) and use them to find the corresponding values of for both equations.

Considering equation 1.

When = 0, = 0 +1 = 1.

When = 1, = 1 + 1 = 2.

When = 2, = 2 + 1 = 3.

When = 3, = 3 +1 = 4.

	0	1	2	3
	1	2	3	4

Similarly, from equation ii,

= 3 .

When = 0, = 3 – 0 = 3.

When = 1, .

When = 2, .

When

	0	1	2	3
	3	2	1	0

Using a scale of 2cm = 1 unit for both axes, we plot a graph of against for both equations. See the graph below

-axes

	0	1	2	3
	1	2	3	4

	0	1	2	3
	3	2	1	0

The two lines intersect at the coordinates (1,2)

i.e.

Therefore is the solution of the simultaneous equations

EVALUATION

Using a scale of 2cm = 0.5 unit on both axes, do the plotting in example 1 above and hence, show that the solution of the simultaneous equations

is as obtained earlier. Use the prepared tables of values.

-axes

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

Example 2.

Solve graphically the simultaneous equations

andfor -1 ≤ ≤ 3

Solution

Considering equation ,

We make the subject of the formula

Thus,

When

Similarly, considering equation

When

The results are tabulated below.

	-1	0	1	2	3
	-1	1	3	5	7

	-1	0	1	2	3
	-2.5	-2	-1.5	-1	– 0.5

Using a scale of 1cm = 1unit on y-axes and 2cm = 1unit on x-axes, we plot a graph of y against x for the two equations as shown in the graph below.

	-1	0	1	2	3
	-1	1	3	5	7

	-1	0	1	2	3
	-2.5	-2	-1.5	-1	– 0.5

-1

-2

-3

The two lines intersect at the coordinates (-2, -3). Therefore the solution of the simultaneous equations is

-2-1 1 2 3 4

Example 3.

Solve graphically………………….1for -2 ≤ ≤ 1

…………………..2

Solution:

Considering the equation,

we make the subject of the formula.

or .

When .

When 3.5 .

When

When 0.5

Similarly, for

When 1.67

When

	-2	-1	0	1
	5	3.5	2	0.5

	– 2	– 1	0	1
	1.67	1	0.33	– 0.33

-3 -2 -1 1 2 3

-1

The two lines intersect at the coordinates (2, -1). Hence is the solution of the simultaneous equations.

WEEK END ASSIGNMENT:

Nelson Functional Mathematics for Junior Secondary Schools, Book 3. Page 87.Questions 1-5.

WEEK END READING ASSIGNMENT:

New General Mathematics for West Africa, for junior secondary school, U.B.E Edition Book 3). Pages 133 – 136[mediator_tech][mediator_tech]

Week 4.Solving simultaneous equations using method by substitution and method by elimination.

Content: i. Method by substitution

Week 3

Topic: Solving simultaneous equations using method by substitution and method by elimination

Content

i. Method by substitution

iiMethod by elimination

WEEK 4:

TOPIC: SOLVING SIMULTANEOUS EQUATIONS USING METHOD BY SUBSTITUTION AND METHOD BY ELIMINATION

CONTENT:

I. METHOD BY SUBSTITUTION

II. METHOD BY ELIMINATION

SUB TOPIC: METHOD BY SUBSTITUTION.

This is a method in which one variable is made the subject of the formula and substituted in the second equation. This will lead to a third equation with one variable. The equation is then solved for the value of the variable. This value can be substituted in any of the first twoequations for the value of the second variable. See examples below.

Example 1.

Solve ……………..1

……….2

using method by substitution

Solution

………………..Eqni

……………Eqn ii

Considering eqni (),

Now put into Eqn ii.

Thus ………………………Eqn iii.

Substitute in Eqn i.

This gives

Thus and

Check………………………………………………………….Eqn 1

………………………………………….…..Eqn 2

Example 2

Solve……………………………………..1

………………………………………….2

Using method by substitution.

Solution

…………………………………………………………………eqn 1

……………………………………………………………………..eqn 2

From equation 1, make the subject of the formula

Thus

Substitute into eqn 2

Thus ……………………………………………………..eqn 3

Multiplying through by 3 the L.C.M, we have,

Opening brackets, 28

Collecting like terms,

Now, put into eqn1

Thus,

Hence is the solution of the simultaneous equations

Check: ……………………………………………eqn 1

……………………………………………………….….eqn 2

EVALUATION

Using method by substitution, solve

METHOD BY ELIMINATION

Example 3.

Solve usingelimination method

Solution

…………………………….……1

…………………………….2

Adding equations 1 and 2, we have,

Substitute into eqn 1

Hence

Example 4

Solve ……………………………………………………….1

…………………………………………………..…2

Solution:

Multiply eqn 1 by 4 and eqn 2 by 2

………………………………eqn 1 x 4

……………………………eqn 2 x 2

……………………….1

…………………….2

………………………………………..1

………………………………..……..2

Subtract eqn 2 from eqn 1

Substitute intoeqn 1

Therefore

EVALUATION

Solve the equations using method by elimination

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT

(a) Solve the equation simultaneously using any method of your choice

(b) Solve Using method by graph, method by elimination and method by substitution

WEEKEND READING ASSIGNMENT

Nelson Functional Mathematics for Junior Secondary school, book 3 Pg87– 91.

WEEK 5.

TOPIC: SIMILAR FIGURES AND ENLARGEMENT

CONTENT:

i. Concept of similar figures

ii. Examples of similar figures

iii. Enlargement and scale factor

SUB TOPIC: CONCEPT OF SIMILAR FIGURES

Two figures are similar, if they look alike and one is an enlargement or reduction of the other. Mathematically, if two shapes are similar, the ratio of their corresponding sides should be constant.

EXAMPLES OF SIMILAR FIGURES

Similar photographs (b) Similar cylinders

Look at the two photographs in (a) above. Although the two photographs are not of the same size, they look alike. The same applies to (b) and (c).We say that the pictures in (a), (b) and (c) are similar to each other.

ENLARGEMENT AND SCALE FACTOR

The photograph in fig. a above is enlarged such that the sides are proportional. In this case, the ratio of the corresponding sides will be constant. Look at the example below.

Example 1

(a) Measure the length and breadth of the picture in fig. (a)

(b) Find the ratio length : breadth

Solution

(a) Length = 2cm, Breadth = 4cm (smaller picture)

Length = 2.4cm Breadth = 4.8cm (larger picture)

(b) Length :breadth = 4 : 2 = 4/2 = 2 (smaller picture)

Length : breadth = 4.8 : 2.4 = 4.8/2.4 = 2 (larger picture)

Length : breadth is constant for both pictures in (a) this means that the first picture is an enlargement of the second picture. Hence when a shape is reduced or enlarged to give another shape such that the ratio of their corresponding sides are the same, we say, the two shapes are similar mathematically. This ratio is what we call the scale factor. The scale factor for the pictures in (a) is 2[mediator_tech][mediator_tech]

Example 2

Consider the shapes below and indicate whether they are similar or not

B C

Q R

Fig. 1 Fig. 2

Solution

If the two shapes are similar, the ratio of their corresponding sides should be equal. i.e

Considering Fig. 1,

AB = 3.2cm

BC = 2.9cm

AC = 4.3cm

Similarly, in fig. 2,

PQ = 2.4cm

QR = 1.8cm

PR = 3.0cm

From the above calculations, it is clear that the ratios of the corresponding sides are not equal i.e. We therefore conclude that the two triangles are not similar.

NOTE:Educator should print out the above example( fig.1 and fig. 2), make a copy available to students and instruct them to carry out the measurements. Do not temper with the dimension of the shapes. The students should not carry out the measurement directly on the screen of their laptops. The diagrams in the evaluation question below should also be printed out for the students.

ORAL QUESTIONS.

State whether the following statements are true or false

i. Two figures are similar, if one is a reduction of the other

ii. Two figures are not similar, if one is an enlargement of the other

iii. All isosceles triangles are similar

iv. All cuboids are similar

v. All pictures or images in the television are similar to the original bodies

vi All cubes are similar

EVALUATION

Consider the following shapes and indicate whether they are similar or not. Use measurement if you are not sure.

(1)

(2)

(3)

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT

(Work book, Nelson Functional Mathematics for Junior secondary school, book 3). Page 44 and 45. Exercise A

WEEK 6

TOPIC: USE OF SCALE FACTOR IN CALCULATING LENGTHS, AREAS AND VOLUMEOF SIMILAR FIGURES.

CONTENT:i. ScaleFactor ( length ratio )

ii. Area of similar shapes

iii. Volume of similar shapes

SUB – TOPIC 1: SCALE FACTOR

When two shapes are similar, the ratio of their corresponding sides are the same. This ratio is called scale factor or length ratio.

Thus, the scale factor of two shapes is the ratio of two corresponding lengths.

Example

The scale factor of twosimilar triangles ABC and PQR shown below is 2.5. If AB = 12 cm and AC = 10 cm, find the length of (a) PQ (b) PR.

B Q

12cm

A C

P R

Solution

The scale factor of 2.5 means each corresponding side on triangle PQR is 2.5 times the corresponding length on triangle ABC.

PQ = AB x 2.5 = 12 x 2.5 = 30 cm
PR = AC x 2.5 = 10 x 2.5 = 25 cm
Determine the scale factor of the figures below.

i 3 cm ii 6 cm

5 cm 10 cm

Solution

Scale factor of the big rectangle to the small rectangle = ratio of their corresponding sides.

or = 2 cm

∴scale factor = 2 in both cases.

EVALUATION

Find the scale factor of the big rectangle.

i 2 cm ii 6 cm

4 cm 8 cm

SUB–TOPIC 2 : AREA OF SIMILAR SHAPES

The ratio of the area of a figure to the area of the other similar figure is known as the area factor.

Examples

Determine :
The scale factor
The area factor of the triangles below.

6 cm 18 cm

3 cm

9 cm

Solution

Scale factor = = = 3
Area factor = = 3 x 3 = 9
A fashion designer measured and instructed that a particular material 6 m by 4.5 m will make good birthday shirts for two brothers. If the elder brother is 1.5m, how tall is the younger brother?

Solution

Area factor = = = =

But the height of the elder brother is 1.5m. Therefore, the height of the younger brother would be if 2 = 1.5

= ?

= =

= 1.3 ( one decimal place )

Two similar cones have corresponding slant heights of 8 cm and 12 cm.
Find the ratio of their areas.
The area of the smaller cone is 102 cm².

Calculate the area of the larger cone.

Solution

= =

area of larger cone =

= 229.5 cm²

NOTE : The ratio of the areas of two similar shapes is the square of the scale factor of the two shapes.

EVALUATION

If the scale factor of a picture 15 cm long is 1 : 10, what is the length of the original object ?
Given that the ratio of the radii of two circles is :
Find the ratio of their areas.
If the smaller circle has a radius of 12 cm, find the radius of the bigger circle.
Two similar triangle have corresponding sides of length 4 cm and 7 cm. find the ratio of their areas.

SUB-TOPIC 3: VOLUME OF SIMILAR SHAPES.

The ratio of the volumes of similar shapes could be compared to find the unknown parameters. This is possibly done using scale factor.The factor could be their edges, height or volume.

When the volumes of similar shapes are compared,the ratio of the volumes of the similar solids is the cube of the scale factor of the two solids.

Examples

Using the dimensions of the similar shapes below, find their scale factor and the volume factor.

2cm 3cm

4cm

8cm 12cm

16cm

Solution:

Take the ratio of their corresponding sides

Scale factor = = = =

Therefore, Volume factor =×× =

Two cylindrical pots similar in shape are respectively 5cm and 25cm high. If the smaller pot holds 1.5litres, find the capacity of the larger one.

Solution:

Scale factor = =

Hence, the volume factor =×× =

Since the smaller pots holds 1.5litres, the bigger pot will holds 1.5 × 125 = 187.5litres.

Two similar blocks have corresponding edges of lengths 9cm and 27cm.

a). Find the ratio of their masses.

b). If the mass of the larger block is 216g, find the mass of the smaller block.

Solution:

Their linear scale factor = =

Therefore, their volume factor = ×× =

a). Since mass = volume × density,

hence, mass is proportional to volume.

Thus, mass factor =

Hence, ratio of their masses = 1 : 27

b). Mass of the larger block = 216g

Therefore, mass of the smaller block = 216 × = 8g.

EVALUATION

The sides of two cuboids are in the ratio 3:5. What is the ratio of their volumes?

READING ASSINMENT:

Functional Mathematics BK 3, pg 162-164.

New General Mathematics BK 3, pg 179-180.

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT:

Functional Mathematics BK 3, pg 163, Ex. 10.3, No. 1-5.

New General Mathematics BK 3, pg 181, Ex. 18b, No. 1-5.

WEEK 7

TOPIC: TRIGONOMETRY

CONTENT:i. The trigonometric ratios

ii. Using Sine and Cosine Tables

iii Applications of sine and cosine

iv. The tangent of an acute angle[mediator_tech]

v. Applications of Trigonometric ratios to finding distances and lengths.

Sub Topic 1 : The Trigonometric ratios

A trigonometric ratio is a ratio of the lengths of two sides of a right – angled triangle. The three trigonometric ratios are sine ( sin), cosine ( cos ) and tangent ( tan ).

The figure below show triangle AHK in various positions

H K opp H K

Hyp Adj H H

A K A A

The sides of the triangles are as follows.

AH, the hypotenuse

KH, the side opposite to Ȃ

AK, the side adjacent to Ȃ

These are abbreviated to hyp, opp, adj, respectively, so that:

Sin A = Cos A = Tan A =

USE OF SINE

Sines and cosines of angles are used to find the lengths of unknown side in triangles. The table below gives the sines of some chosen angles.

Angle A	Sin A
30⁰	0.5000
35⁰	0.5736
40⁰	0.6428
45⁰	0.7071
50⁰	0.7660
55⁰	0.8192
60⁰	0.8660

The values in the table are given to 4 significant figures.

Example 1

Calculate the value of x in the figure below.

20cm

55⁰

Solution

In the figure above, the hypotenuse is given and x is opposite the given angle. Thus ,

Sin 55⁰ =

Thus,= 20 x sin 55⁰

= 20 x 0.8192

= 16.384 cm

= 16 cm to 2 s.f.

USE OF COSINE

Angle A	Cos A
30⁰	0.8660
35⁰	0.8192
40⁰	0.7660
45⁰	0.7071
50⁰	0.6428
55⁰	0.5736
60⁰	0.5000

Example 2 :

Calculate the value of y in the figure below.

17 cm

50°

Solution

The hypotenuse is 17 cm and y is adjacent to the given angle. Thus use the cosine of the given angle.

Cos 50⁰ =

Thus, = 17 x cos 50⁰

= 17 x 0.642 8

= 10.93 cm

= 11 cm to 2 s.f

Example 3:

A village is 8 km on a bearing of 040⁰ from a point O. Calculate how far the village is north of O.

Solution

The figure below shows the position of thevillage,V in relation to O.

N P V

40⁰ 8 km

It is required to find the length of OP.

OP is adjacent to the known angle.

Use the cosine of 40⁰.

Cos 40⁰ =

Thus, OP = 8 x cos 40⁰ km

= 8 x 0.766 0 km

= 6.128 km

OP = 6.1 km to 2 s.f

The village is 6.1 km north of o.

EVALUATION:

Use the values in the tables above to answer the following questions. Give all answers correct to 2 s.f.

Find the values of x, y and z in each of the triangles bellow.

2. 3.

10 cm x y 45⁰ 6 km z

30⁰ 50⁰ 3 km

Sub Topic 2 : Using sine and cosine tables

Example 4:

Use tables to find the angles:

whose sine is = ,
whose cosine is 0.4478,
whose sin is 0.649 2,
whose cosine is 0.568 2,[mediator_tech][mediator_tech]

Solution

Let the angle be A, then sin A = .

Express as a decimal fraction correct to 4 d.p.

. = 0.285 7

Sin A = 0.285 7

Looking within the sine table entries,

0.2857 is opposite 16⁰ and under 0.6⁰.

Thus, A = 16.6⁰.

Let the angle be B, then cos B = 0.4478.

Looking within the cosine table entries,

0.447 8 is opposite 63⁰ and under 0.4.

Thus, B = 63.4⁰.

Let the angle be x, then sin x = 0.649 2.

Looking within the sin table entries, the nearest value to 0.649 2 is 0.648 1. 0.648 1 is opposite 40⁰ and under 0.4⁰.

The difference between 6 492 and 6 481 is 11. Look for 11 in the difference column along the row of 40⁰. 11 is under 8.

Thus, x = 40.40⁰ + 0.08⁰

X = 40.48⁰

Let the angle be y, then cos y = 0.568 2.

Looking within the cosine table entries, the nearest value to 0.568 2 is 0.567 8. 0.567 8 is opposite 55⁰ and under 0.4⁰. The difference between 5 682 and 5 678is 4. Look for 4 in the difference column along the row of 55⁰.4 is under 3. As the angles increase, their cosines decrease, therefore subtract the difference.

Thus, y = 55.40⁰ – 0.03⁰

Y = 55.37⁰

EVALUATION:

Use tables to find the angles whose

Sines b. cosines are as follows.
0.5878 2. 0.798 6 3. 4. 0.564 8 5.0.632 7

SUB TOPIC 3 :APPLICATIONS OF SINE AND COSINE

Example 5:

Calculate the length of the hypotenuse of the triangle below.

8 cm

43⁰

Solution

Sin 43⁰ =

h x sin 43⁰ = 8

h = = cm = cm

From reciprocal tables, = 1.466,

Thus, h = 8 x 1.466 cm

= 11.728 cm

h = 12 cm to 2 s.f

Example 6:

A car travels 120 m along a straight road which is inclined at 8⁰ to the horizontal. Calculate the vertical distance through which the car rises.

120

8⁰ h

Solution

From the sketch of the road, h is the vertical distance.

Sin 8⁰ =

h = 120 x sin 8⁰

= 120 x 0.139 2

= 16. 70 m

h = 17 m to 2 s.f

NOTE:Educators are to solve more examples for students.

EVALUATION:

Calculate the lengths a, b, c, d, in the diagrams below. All lengths being in cm.

i ii

5 b c d

37⁰ 40.2⁰

a 2

Calculate the angles ∝, β in the triangles below.

i ii

0.9 m 3m 7 m 5 m

∝ β

Sub Topic 4: Tangent of an acute angle

Tangents of some chosen angles

*Angle A*	*Tan A*
25⁰	0.4663
30⁰	0.5774
35⁰	0.7002
40⁰	0.8391
45⁰	1.000
50⁰	1.192
55⁰	1.428
60⁰	1.732
65⁰	2.145
70⁰	2.747

Example 7:

The angle of elevation of the top of a building is 25⁰ from a point 70 m away on a level ground. Calculate the height of the building.

Solution

HK represents the height of the building; AK is on level ground.

A 25° K

70 m

= tan 25⁰

Let HK be x cm. KA = 70 cm and, from table above, tan 25⁰ = 0.4663. Hence,

= 0.4663

X = 0.4663 x70

=4.663 x 7

= 32.641

∴The height of the building is 33 m to 2 s.f.

Example 8:

Use tables to find the tangents of angles

32⁰ b. 59.6⁰

Solution

Looking within the table entries, the number opposite 32⁰ and under 0.0⁰ is 0.6249.

Thus, tan 32⁰ = 0.6249.

The number opposite 59⁰ and under 0.6⁰ is 1.704. Thus, tan 59.6⁰ is 1.704. Thus, tan 59.6⁰ = 1.704.

Example 9:

Use tables to find the angles whose tangents are:

0.9556 b.

Solution

Let the angle be A, then tan A = 0.9556. Looking within the table entries, 0.9556 is opposites 43⁰ and under 0.7⁰. Thus, A= 43.7⁰
Let the angle be B, then tan B = = 2.333 to 4 S.f. Thus, B = 66.8⁰.

EVALUATION

Use table to find the value of each triangles below.
b.

35⁰ 65⁰

Use 4 figure table to find the tangent of the following:
35⁰ b. 23.1⁰ c. 19.5⁰
Use 4 figure table to find the angles whose tangents are as follows.
0.9325 b. 0.8847 c.

SUB – TOPIC 5: APPLICATIONS OF TANGENTS

Tangent ratio can be used to solve real life problems such as angles of elevation and depressions and bearings.

Example 10:

A cone is 6 cm high and its vertical angle is 54⁰. Calculate the radius of its base.

Solution

The vertical angle is the angle between opposite slant heights VA and VB.

∝ ∝

6 cm

O B

Thus, the vertical angle is 2∝.

2∝ = 54⁰

Thus ∝ = 27⁰

In ∆ AVO, tan ∝ =

r = 6 tan 27°

= 6 x 0.5095

= 3.057

= 3.1 to 2 s.f.

The radius of the base of the cone is 3.1 cm.

NOTE:More examples are to be solved for students by educators.

EVALUATION

A cone is 8 cm high and its vertical angle is 62°. Find the diameter of its base.
An isosceles triangle has a vertical angle of 116°, and its base is 8 cm long. Calculate its height.
Find the angle of elevation of the top of a flagpole 31.9 m high from a point 55 m away on level ground.

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT

New General Mathematics for junior Secondary Schools 3 by M.F Macraeet.al. Exercise 8h pages 84 – 85,Questions 1 ( a – c), 2 ( a – d). Exercise 8d pages 79 & 80, Qs no 4 -6. Exercise 15b pages 145- 146, Qs no 4 – 7

READING ASSIGNMENT

New General Mathematics for junior Secondary Schools 2 by M.F Macraeet.al. Pages 196 – 198. Pages 223 – 227 .

WEEK 8

TOPIC: AREA OF PLANE FIGURES

CONTENT:

i. Area of basic shapes: Revision ( triangles, rectangles, trapeziums, parallelogram and circles )

ii. Using trigonometry in area problems

iii. Area of circles and sectors

iv. Land measure

SUB – TOPIC 1. AREA OF BASIC SHAPES

The formulae for areas of some basic shapes are given in below. These were previously found in book 1, Chapter 14.

Area of rectangle = length x breadth = ( l x b )
Area of trapezium = of ( sum of parallel sides ) x height = = ( a + b )h
Area of parallelogram = base x height = b x h
Area of circle = π
Area of triangle = x product of sides containing the right angle.

Examples:

Find the area of a triangle with base 15 cm and height 9 cm.

Solution

Area of triangle = base x height

= x 15 x 9

= 67.5 cm²

If the area of the trapezium below is 40 cm², find the value of x.

6 cm

8 cm

Solution

Area of trapezium = ½ ( + 8 ) x 6 cm²

= 3( + 8) cm²

Thus, 3( + 8) = 40 ½

8 = 40 ½ ÷ 3 = 13 ½

= 13 ½ – 8 = 5 ½

What is the diameter of a circle of area 3 850 m²?

Solution

Area of circle = 3 850 m²

Thus, = 3 850

r² = 3 850 x

r²=1225

r =

r = 35m

diameter d = 2r

EVALUATION

The seconds hand of a watch is 14 mm long. What area does it sweep through in 30 seconds?
A goat is tied by a rope 2 ½ m long to a peg in some grass. The goat eats 1 m² of grass in 28 min. How long will it take to eat all that it can reach?
A triangle has area of 35 cm² and a base of 10 cm. Find the height of the triangle.

SUB – TOPIC 2: USING TRIGONOMETRY IN AREA PROBLEMS

Examples:

Find the area of ∆ABC to the nearest cm² if BA = 6 cm, BC = 7 cm and = 34°.

Solution

Let the height of the triangle be x cm

6 cm cm

B C

34⁰ D

7 cm

In ∆ABD, = sin 34°

x = 6 sin 34°

= 6 x 0.5592

= 3.355 2

Area of ∆ABC = x BC x AD

= x 7 x 3.355 2 cm²

= x 23.486 4 cm²

=11.743 2 cm²

= 12 cm² to the nearest cm².

Find the area of the isosceles trapezium shown in the diagram below.

P 10 cm Q

6 cm 6 cm

35° 35°

S M N R

Solution

From the diagram, SP = SM + MN + NR

PQ = MN = 10 cm and PS = QR. ( given )

Also, SM = NR (∆ PSM ≡∆QRN )

Now in ∆ SPM, the complement of 35° is 55°.

Using tan ratio:

tan 55° =

∴ SM = 6 tan 55°

= 6 x 1.428 = 8.569 cm.

So, SM = NR =8.569 cm

∴ SR = 8.569 + 10 + 8.569 = 27.138 cm

Area of trapezium PQRS = ( PQ + SR )h

= ( 10 + 27.138 ) x 6

= 3 x 37.138

= 111.414 cm²

Area of trapezium = 110 cm² to 2 s.f.

Calculate the area of parallelogram PQRS if QR = 5 cm, RS = 6 cm, QS = 118°.

P Q

5 cm cm

118°

S 6 cm R D

Solution

Let QD be cm.

In ∆QRD, QD = 180° – 118° = 62°

= sin 62°

= 5 sin 62°

= 5 x 0.8829

= 4.414 5

Area of PQRS = SR x QD

= 6 x 4.414 5 cm²

= 26.487 cm²

= 26 cm2 to the nearest cm².

N.B: For a triangle with sides a, b containing an angle θ, area of triangle = ab sin θ

For a parallelogram with non – parallel sides a, b containing an angle θ.

Area of parallelogram = ab sin θ

EVALUATION

The area of a parallelogram is 240 cm². The angle between the two adjacent sides of the parallelogram is 145°. If the length of one of the adjacent side is 16 cm, find the length of the other side correct to the nearest cm.
Find the area of the following shapes. All dimensions are in cm.

a. b. 4

7 5

57° 63°

6 8

SUB – TOPIC 3: AREA OF CIRCLES AND SECTORS

A sector is part of a circle bounded by an arc and two radii.

In the diagram bellow, O is the centre, AO and AB divide the inside of the circle into two parts called sectors. The smaller is called the minor sector (shaded ), and the larger is called the major sector ( unshaded )

Area of sector = x

Examples:

What is the area of a flat washer 4.8 cm in outside diameter, the hole being of diameter 2.2 cm?[mediator_tech][mediator_tech]

2.2 cm 22.2 cm 2.2 cm.2

4.8 cm

Solution

Area = π( 2.4 )² – π( 1.1)2 cm²

= π( 2.4² – 1.1 ) cm²

= π( 2.4 + 1.1 ) (2.4 – 1.1 )cm²

= x 3.5 x 1.3 cm²

= 14.3 cm²

Find the area of a sector of radius 7 cm , the angle at the centre of the circle being 108°.

Solution

108°

Area of sector = of 𝛑 x 7² cm²

= x = x 7 x 7 cm²

= x 22 x 7 cm²

= 46.2 cm²

EVALUATION

The area of a sector of a circle is 44 cm². What is the radius of the circle if the angle subtended at the centre is 140°?
A sector of a circle of radius 8 cm has an angle of 120° at the centre.
Find its perimeter
Find its area ( take π = 3.142 )

Hint: perimeter = length of minor arc + radii.

Length of arc = x 2𝛑r

Find the area between two circles with the same centre and of radius 5 cm and 9 cm respectively. Take π =

SUB – TOPIC 4: LAND MEASURE

The hectare (ha) is a unit of area which is primarily used in the measurement of land. We can picture an hectare as the area about two times the size of a football pitch.

i.e, 1 hectare = 199 m x 100 m = 10 00 m².

Recall that 1 km² 1000 m x 1000 m = 106 m².

So there are 100 hectares in a km².

i.e 1 km² = 100 hectares

or 1 hectare = 0.01 km².

Examples

A village is roughly in the shape of a circle of diameter 400 m. Use the value 3 for π to find the approximate area of the village in hectares.

Solution

Radius of village = = of 400 m = 200 m

Area of village ≈π x 200² m²

≈ 3 x 40 000 m²

≈ 3 x 4 hectares

≈ 12 hectares

The area of the village is about 12 ha.

The diagram bellow shows a plot of land in the shape of a kite. Calculate the area of the land, giving your answer in hectares.

90 m

75 m

Solution

Recall that the diagonals of a kite bisect each other at right angles.

Area of a kite = of the product of the diagonals

= x 90 x 75 = 3375 m²

Now 10 000 m² = 1ha

3375 m² = x 3375 ha

= 0.3375 ha

EVALUATION

A hockey pith measures 90 m by 55 m. Express its area as a fraction of a hectare. Would you say that this is roughly half of a hectare?
A town is roughly in the shape of an equilateral triangle of side 600 m. What is the approximate area of the town in hectares? ( Use the value 0.9 for sin 60°)
A football pitch is 110 m long and 75.5 m wide. Calculate its area, to the nearest m²,
In square metres
In hectares.

NOTE:Educators should solve more examples from Nelson Functional Mathematics, for JS BK 3.

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT

New General Mathematics for junior secondary school 3 by M.F Macrae et al. Chapter 17 pg 166, exercise 17a questions no 1a – d, 2a – b, 3a – c, 4a – d. Exercise 17 b questions 1a & b, 2a – c,17c questions 3a – d.

READING ASSIGNMENT

New General Mathematics for Junior Secondary Schools by M.F Macrae et al. Chapter 14 page 112- 113, 116- 119.

WEEK 9

TOPIC: GEOMETRICAL CONSTRUCTIONS

CONTENT:

i. Bisection of a segment

Ii. Bisection of an angle

iii. Construction of special angles (90°, 45°)

iv. Construction of special angles ( 60°, 30°)

v. Construction of shapes

vi. Copying given angles.

vii. Quantitative reasoning

SUB – TOPIC 1: BISECTION OF A SEGMENT

To bisect a straight line segment

A B

The line segment AB is the part of the line between A and B, including the points A and B.

To bisect the line segment AB means to divide it into two equal parts.

Open a pair of compasses so that the radius is about ¾ of the length of AB.
Lace the sharp point of the compasses on A. Draw two arcs, one above, the other below the middle of AB, as shown below.

A B

Keep the same radius and place the sharp point of the compasses on B. Draw two arcs so that they cut the first arcs at P and Q as shown below.[mediator_tech][mediator_tech]

A B

Draw a straight line through P and Q so that it cuts AB at M.

A M B

M is the mid – point of AB. PQ meets AB perpendicularly. PQ is the perpendicular bisector of AB. Use a ruler and protractor to check that AM = MB and AP = BP = 90°.

EVALUATION

Draw any line segment AB. Use the above method to find the mid – point of AB. Check by measurement that your answer is correct.
Draw the following line segments and construct their perpendicular bisectors:
A 6 cm B
H 4.5 cm G

SUB – TOPIC 2 : BISECTION OF ANGLES

Given any angle ABC.

Required to construct a line BY which bisects angle ABC such that angle ABY = angle CBY.

CONSTRUCTION

Draw an angle ABC, A

With B at the centre and using any convenient radius, construct an arc that cuts AB at P and BC at Q as shown below.

B Q C

Place the needle point of the compass at P, with a convenient radius. Construct an arc in – between and , then place the point at Q. with the same radius, cut the last arc at Y. Draw line BY. The line BY bisects AC. Use a protractor to check if angle ABY = angle CBY.

B Q C

EVALUATION

Draw any angle PQR, then bisect it and use a protractor to check if both angles are equal.
Use a protractor to draw angle PQR such that PQR = 150°, then:
bisect angle PR.
bisect each of the angles in (a)
measure the angles.

SUB – TOPIC 3: CONSTRUCTION OF SPECIAL ANGLES( 90° AND 45°)

Construction of angle 90°

Given a point on a straight line AB. Required to construct a line PT through P such that <TPA = <TPB = 90°.

Construction

Draw line AB with a point P on it. With P as the centre and using any convenient radius, inscribe an arc cutting AP at M and PB at N.

A M P N B

Now, place the needle point of the compass at M. Using any convenient radius ( bigger than the former radius ) inscribe an arc at T, then, place the needle point at N and using the same radius, inscribe an arc, cutting the previous arc at T. See the figure below.

A M P N B

Finally, join PT.

A M P N B

PT is perpendicular to AB. Thus, < TPA = <TPB = 90°. Use a protractor to check the result.

Construction of angle 45°

Since 45° =

Then, to construct 45°, we may first construct an angle 90° and then bisect it.

Given: a point P on a straight line AB.

Required: to construct a line PD such that <DPB = 45°.

Construction

Draw a line AB with a point on it. With P as the centre and using any convenient radius, construct a semicircle cutting AP at M and PB at N as shown below.

A M P N B

Expand the former radius to a convenient size, then place the needle at M and inscribe an arc at T. Using the same radius, place the needle point at N and inscribe an arc cutting the previous arc at T. Join TP using dotted lines as shown below.

A M P N B

Place the needle point at N and inscribe an arc at D using a convenient radius. Place the needle point on the point of intersection of the semicircle and the[mediator_tech][mediator_tech]

dotted line TP, then inscribe an arc cutting the previous arc at D. Join DP with a thick line.

A M P N B

Thus, <DPB = 45°.

Use a protractor to check the result in the diagram above.

EVALUATION

Construct angle 22 ½ °.

Note : 22 ½° =

Educators should guide students in this exercise.

Sub – Topic 4 : Construction of special angles (60°,30°)

Construction of angle 60°

Given a line BC with B as the centre.Required to construct an angle ABC = 60°.

Construction

Draw a line BC with B as the centre. Using any convenient radius, inscribe an arc that cuts BC at X, then place the needle point of the compass at X. Using the same radius, inscribe an arc that cuts the previous arc at Y.

Join YB and produce to A, <ABC = 60°. With a protractor, measure angle ACB to check if it is really 60°.

Construction of angle 30°

Since 30°= , then to construct angle 30°, we may first construct an angle 60° and then bisect it.

Given a line BC with B at the centre. Required to construct an angle ABC = 30°.

Construction

Draw a line BC with B at the centre. Inscribe an arc using any convenient radius that cuts BC at X.

Place the needle point of the compass at X. Using the same radius, inscribe an arc that cuts the previous arc at Y. Using dotted lines, join YB.

Now, place the needle point at X. Using any convenient radius , inscribe an arc A in the space between line BC and line BY.

Place the needle point at Y. Using the same radius, inscribe an arc that cuts the previous arc A . Join AB with a thick line.

Thus, <ABC = 30°. Use a protractor to check the result in the figure below.

Note : Educators should teach students how to construct angle 120°

Hint: 120° = 60° + 60°.

EVALUATION

Construct angle 15°.

Hint: 15° =

Sub – Topic v : Construction of shapes

Worked examples

Use a ruler and a pair of compasses only to construct a triangle ABC such that BC = 6 cm, <ABC = 60°, <ACB = 30° and an altitude from A that will be perpendicular to line BC. Measure the altitude.

Solution

Construct a line BC = 6 cm.
Construct an angle ABC = 60°.
Construct an angle ACB = 30°.
Construct the altitude from A which is perpendicular to line BC as follows:
Place the needle point of the compass at A and cut line BC at two points using a convenient radius.
Using a convenient radius, place the needle at the cuts on BC one after the other to cut and recut below line BC.
Draw a straight line from A to the point of intersection of the two cuts below line BC.
Measure altitude (2.5 cm ± 0.1)

EVALUATION

Construct an isosceles triangle PQR such that QR = 8 cm and < PQR = <PRQ = 45°.

SUB – TOPIC VI: COPYING GIVEN ANGLE

Given any angle ABC:

B C

To make a copy of A

Draw any line XY. Mark a point on XY. With centre B and any radius, draw an arc to cut BA, BC at P, Q. Then with centre and the same radius, draw an arc to cut XY at .

B Q C

X Y

With centres Q, open the compasses until the radius = QP. Make an arc at P as a check. Then with centreand the same radius, draw an arc to cut trough at .

B Q C

X Y

Draw a line through and .

X Y

EVALUATION

Use the method given above to copy the following angle. Use a protractor to check your accuracy.

[mediator_tech]

SUB – TOPIC VII: QUANTITATIVE REASONING

Sample A

100°→ 50°→ 25°

10°← 20°← 40°

5°↔ 20°↔ 80°

Answer the following

90°→ 45°→?
15°← 30°← ?
15°↔ 60°↔ ?
100°→ 50°↔ ?
50°↔ 200°→ ?

Sample B

15°, 45°, 30°, 20°
15° (b) 45° (c) 30° (d) 20°

Answer = D (odd)

20°, 70°, 80°, 90°
20°, (b) 70° (c) 80° (d) 90°

Answer = D (odd)

Answer the following

15°, 45°, 120°,30°
120°, 150°, 135°, 30°
130°, 30°, 150°,120°
135°, 120°, 180°, 50°
15°, 30°, 60°, 105°

WEEKEND ASSINGMENT

Nelson Functional Mathematics for Junior Secondary Schools Book 3 by T. M. Asiru et al. Chapter 11, pg 28- 51.[mediator_tech][mediator_tech]

READING ASSIGNMENT

New General Mathematics for Junior Secondary Schools book 3. Chapter 4 page 36- 44.

WEEK 10: REVISION

WEEK11: EXAMINATION

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